Ketamine suppresses intestinal NF-kappa B activation and proinflammatory cytokine in endotoxic rats

Figure 1 Activation of NF-kappa B in the intestine. Normal saline treatment (Lane 1). 1, 4, 6 h after endotoxin challenge (Lane 2, 3, 4), endotoxin plus ketamine (0.5, 5, 50 mg·kg^-1) (Lane 5, 6, 7), ketamine only (50 mg·kg^-1) (Lane 8) ^aP < 0.05 vs Lane 1; ^bP < 0.01 vs Lane 1; ^dP < 0.01 vs Lane 2.

Figure 2 Expression of TNF-α in the intestine. Normal saline treatment (Lane 1). 1, 4, 6 h after endotoxin challenge (Lane 2, 3, 4), endotoxin plus ketamine (0.5, 5, 50 mg·kg^-1.) (Lane 5, 6, 7), ketamine only (50 mg·kg^-1) (Lane 8); ^bP < 0.01 vs Lane 1; ^dP < 0.01 vs Lane 2.

Figure 3 Expression of IL-6 in the intestine. Normal saline treatment (Lane 1). 1, 4, 6 h after endotoxin only (Lane 2, 3, 4), endotoxin plus ketamine (0.5, 5, 50 mg/kg) (Lane 5, 6, 7), ketamine only (50 mg/kg) (Lane 8); ^bP < 0.01 vs Lane 1; ^cP < 0.05 vs Lane 3.

Figure 4 Protective effect of ketamine on the TNF-α production in the intestine. All of the values were obtained 1 h after sepsis. Lane 1 normal saline; Lane 2 endotoxin (5 mg/kg); Lane 3 endotoxin (5 mg/kg) plus ketamine (0.5 mg/kg); Lane 4 endotoxin (5 mg/kg) plus ketamine (5 mg/kg); Lane 5 endot-oxin (5 mg/kg) plus ketamine (50 mg/kg); Lane 6 ketamine only (50 mg/kg) ^bP < 0.01 vs Lane 2.

Figure 5 Protective effect of ketamine on the IL-6 production in the intestine. All of the values were obtained 4 h after sepsis. Lane 1 normal saline; Lane 2 endotoxin (5 mg/kg); Lane 3 endotoxin (5 mg/kg) plus ketamine (0.5 mg/kg); Lane 4 en-dotoxin (5 mg/kg) plus ketamine (5 mg/kg); Lane 5 endot-oxin (5 mg/kg) plus ketamine (50 mg/kg); Lane 6 ketamine only (50 mg/kg) ^bP < 0.01 vs Lane 2.