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©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Aug 14, 2015; 21(30): 9103-9110
Published online Aug 14, 2015. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i30.9103
Published online Aug 14, 2015. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i30.9103
Endozepine-4 levels are increased in hepatic coma
Giulia Malaguarnera, Marco Vacante, Maria Giordano, Michele Malaguarnera, Research Center “The Great Senescence” Hospital of Cannizzaro, University of Catania, via Messina 829, 95100 Acicastello, Italy
Giulia Malaguarnera, Marco Vacante, Gaetano Bertino, Massimo Motta, Michele Malaguarnera, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
Giulia Malaguarnera, Filippo Drago, Michele Malaguarnera, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
Maria Giordano, Gerontology and Bone Metabolic Disease Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
Author contributions: Malaguarnera G and Malaguarnera M contributed to the design of the study, biochemical analysis, experimental procedure, interpretation of the data and wrote the manuscript; Vacante M and Giordano M contributed to the statistical analysis and interpretation of the data; Vacante M, Giordano M and Bertino G enrolled the patients; Drago F, Motta M, Bertino G and Malaguarnera M revised the manuscript and coordinated the study.
Institutional review board statement: The study was reviewed and approved by the Hospital Cannizzaro of Catania Institutional Review Board.
Informed consent statement: All the legal guardian of study participants, provided informed written consent prior to study enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Giulia Malaguarnera, PhD, Research Center “The Great Senescence” Hospital of Cannizzaro, University of Catania, via Messina 829, 95100 Acicastello, Italy. giulia.malaguarnera@live.it
Telephone: +39-095-7262008
Received: December 21, 2014
Peer-review started: December 22, 2014
First decision: February 10, 2015
Revised: March 11, 2015
Accepted: May 7, 2015
Article in press: May 7, 2015
Published online: August 14, 2015
Peer-review started: December 22, 2014
First decision: February 10, 2015
Revised: March 11, 2015
Accepted: May 7, 2015
Article in press: May 7, 2015
Published online: August 14, 2015
Core Tip
Core tip: Endozepine-4 is an endogenous ligand for the benzodiazepine recognition site of the glutamate-related neurotoxicity which in turn may alter the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor. Endozepine-4, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The pathogenesis of HE has been viewed as a multifactorial etiology, but ammonia has a pivotal role in the genesis of the disease. Ammonia exerts a GABAA receptor system Involvement of the GABA-ergic system in HE coma could be due to stage-specific alterations.