Opinion Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Nov 28, 2021; 27(44): 7597-7611
Published online Nov 28, 2021. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i44.7597
Endoscopic management of difficult common bile duct stones: Where are we now? A comprehensive review
Alberto Tringali, Deborah Costa, Alessandro Fugazza, Matteo Colombo, Kareem Khalaf, Alessandro Repici, Andrea Anderloni
Alberto Tringali, Deborah Costa, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Department of Medicine, Conegliano Hospital, ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Conegliano 31015, Italy
Alessandro Fugazza, Matteo Colombo, Alessandro Repici, Andrea Anderloni, Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
Kareem Khalaf, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20072, Milan, Italy
Author contributions: Anderloni A conceived the idea for the manuscript; Tringali A and Costa D reviewed the literature and drafted the manuscript; Fugazza A, Colombo M, Khalaf K and Repici A reviewed the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: Alessandro Fugazza is a consultant of Boston Scientific and Olympus; Alessandro Repici is a consultant of Boston Scientific, Fujifilm and ERBE; Andrea Anderloni is a consultant of Boston Scientific, Olympus and Medtronic; No others conflict of interest for the remaining authors.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Alberto Tringali, MD, Director, Doctor, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Department of Medicine, Conegliano Hospital, ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, Conegliano 31015, Italy. alberto.tringali@aulss2.veneto.it
Received: April 27, 2021
Peer-review started: April 27, 2021
First decision: June 13, 2021
Revised: July 23, 2021
Accepted: November 18, 2021
Article in press: November 18, 2021
Published online: November 28, 2021
Processing time: 211 Days and 14.5 Hours
Abstract

Endoscopic management for difficult common bile duct (CBD) stones still presents a challenge for several reasons, including anatomic anomalies, patients’ individual conditions and stone features. In recent years, variable methods have emerged that have attributed to higher stone removal success rates, reduced cost and lower adverse events. In this review, we outline a stepwise approach in CBD stone management. As first line therapy, endoscopic sphincterotomy and large balloon dilation are recommended, due to a 30%-50% reduction of the use of mechanical lithotripsy. On the other hand, cholangioscopy-assisted lithotripsy has been increasingly reported as an effective and safe alternative technique to mechanical lithotripsy but remains to be reserved in special settings due to limited large-scale evidence. As discussed, findings suggest that management needs to be tailored to the patient’s characteristics and anatomical conditions. Furthermore, we evaluate the management of CBD stones in various surgical altered anatomy (Billroth II, Roux-en-Y and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass). Moreover, we could conclude that cholangioscopy-assisted lithotripsy needs to be evaluated for primary use, rather than following a failed management option. In addition, we discuss the importance of dissecting other techniques, such as the primary use of interventional endoscopic ultrasound for the management of CBD stones when other techniques have failed. In conclusion, we recognize that endoscopic sphincterotomy and large balloon dilation, mechanical lithotripsy and intraductal lithotripsy substantiate an indication to the management of difficult CBD stones, but emerging techniques are in rapid evolution with encouraging results.

Keywords: Common bile duct stones; Balloon dilation; Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; Endoscopic ultrasonography; Anastomoses, Roux en y; Double balloon enteroscopy; Mechanical lithotripsy; Cholangioscopy

Core Tip: The endoscopic management of difficult common bile (CBD) stones remains a challenge, whilst emerging techniques such as endoscopic sphincterotomy and large balloon dilation, mechanical lithotripsy and intraductal lithotripsy provide a procedural indication that align with the patient’s condition, comorbidities, feature of the CBD stone and the patient’s anatomical features. This review focuses on comprehensively outlining a stepwise approach for the management of difficult CBD stones and comparatively discusses indications depending on surgical altered anatomy and future indications in the management of difficult CBD stones.