Published online Mar 21, 2014. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.2979
Revised: December 5, 2013
Accepted: January 2, 2014
Published online: March 21, 2014
AIM: To study KRAS/BRAF mutations in colorectal-cancer (CRC) that influences the efficacy of treatment. To develop strategies for overcoming combination of treatment.
METHODS: Five colonic cell-lines were investigated: DLD-1 with KRAS (G13D) mutation, HT 29 and Colo 205 with BRAF (V600E) mutation as well as the wild type (Wt) cell-lines Caco2 and Colo-320. DLD-1 (KRAS), HT-29 (BRAF) and Caco2 (Wt) cell lines were treated with cytokines (TNFα 50 ng, IL-1β 1 ng and IFNγ 50 ng) and harvested at different time points (1-24 h). KRAS inhibition was performed by the siRNA-approach. Two colorectal cancer cells DLD-1 and Caco2 were used for KRAS inhibition. About 70% confluency were confirmed before transfection with small interferring RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides. All the synthetic siRNA sequences were designed in our laboratory. Total RNA and protein was isolated from the cells for RT-PCR and Western blotting. Densitometry of the Western blotting was analyzed with the Image J software (NIH). Results are shown as mean ± SD.
RESULTS: RT-PCR analysis in non-stimulated cells showed a low basal expression of TNFα and IL-1β in the DLD-1 KRAS-mutated cell-line, compared to Caco2 wild type. No detection was found for IL-6 and IFNγ in any of the studied cell lines. In contrast, pro-angiogenic chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL8) showed a high constitutive expression in the mutated cell-lines DLD-1 (KRAS), HT-29 and Colo205 (BRAF), compared to wild type (Caco2). The anti-angiogenic chemokine (CXCL10) showed a high basal expression in wild-type, compared to mutated cell-lines. KRAS down-regulation by siRNA showed a significant decrease in CXCL1 and CXCL10 gene expression in the DLD-1 (KRAS) cell-line in comparison to wild type (Caco2) at 72 h after KRAS silencing. In contrast, the specific KRAS inhibition resulted in an up-regulation of CXCL1 and CXCL10. The results of our study show a higher expression of pro-angiogenic chemokines at basal level in mutated cell-lines, which was further increased by cytokine treatment.
CONCLUSION: To summarize, basal chemokine gene expression for pro-angiogenic chemokines was high in mutated as compared to wild type cell-lines. This reflects the likely existence of a different microenvironment in tumours consistent of wild type or mutated cells. This may help to rationalize the choice of molecular targets for suitable therapeutic investigation in clinical studies.
Core tip: The presence of KRAS/BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal-cancer influences the efficacy of treatment. It is not known whether the composition of tumor-associated immune cells is influenced by the mutational status of the tumor. The results of our study show a higher expression of pro-angiogenic chemokines at basal level in mutated cell-lines, which was further up-regulated by cytokine treatment. Moreover, specific KRAS inhibition resulted in an increase of pro-angiogenic chemokines, mainly through the NF-κB pathway in wt (Caco2). Our findings point to the interconnection of tumor mutation and its microenvironment.