Review
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World J Gastroenterol. Feb 14, 2013; 19(6): 829-837
Published online Feb 14, 2013. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i6.829
Diagnosis and management of insulinoma
Takehiro Okabayashi, Yasuo Shima, Tatsuaki Sumiyoshi, Akihito Kozuki, Satoshi Ito, Yasuhiro Ogawa, Michiya Kobayashi, Kazuhiro Hanazaki
Takehiro Okabayashi, Yasuo Shima, Tatsuaki Sumiyoshi, Akihito Kozuki, Department of Surgery, Kochi Health Sciences Center, Kochi 781-8555, Japan
Satoshi Ito, Yasuhiro Ogawa, Department of Radiology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
Michiya Kobayashi, Kazuhiro Hanazaki, Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku 783-8505, Japan
Author contributions: Okabayashi T and Hanazaki K designed research; Sumiyoshi T, Kozuki A and Ito S contributed analytic tools; Shima Y, Ogawa Y and Kobayashi M supervised the paper; and Okabayashi T wrote the paper.
Supported by Kochi Organization for Medical Reformation and Renewal Fund
Correspondence to: Dr. Takehiro Okabayashi, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, Kochi Health Sciences Center, 2125-1 Ike, Kochi 781-8555, Japan. takehiro_okabayashi@khsc.or.jp
Telephone: +81-88-8373000 Fax: +81-88-8376766
Received: August 13, 2012
Revised: November 12, 2012
Accepted: November 14, 2012
Published online: February 14, 2013
Abstract

Insulinomas, the most common cause of hypoglycemia related to endogenous hyperinsulinism, occur in 1-4 people per million of the general population. Common autonomic symptoms of insulinoma include diaphroresis, tremor, and palpitations, whereas neuroglycopenenic symptoms include confusion, behavioural changes, personality changes, visual disturbances, seizure, and coma. Diagnosis of suspected cases is based on standard endocrine tests, especially the prolonged fasting test. Non-invasive imaging procedures, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, are used when a diagnosis of insulinoma has been made to localize the source of pathological insulin secretion. Invasive modalities, such as endoscopic ultrasonography and arterial stimulation venous sampling, are highly accurate in the preoperative localization of insulinomas and have frequently been shown to be superior to non-invasive localization techniques. The range of techniques available for the localization of insulinomas means that blind resection can be avoided. Intraoperative manual palpation of the pancreas by an experienced surgeon and intraoperative ultrasonography are both sensitive methods with which to finalize the location of insulinomas. A high proportion of patients with insulinomas can be cured with surgery. In patients with malignant insulinomas, an aggressive medical approach, including extended pancreatic resection, liver resection, liver transplantation, chemoembolization, or radiofrequency ablation, is recommended to improve both survival and quality of life. In patients with unresectable or uncontrollable insulinomas, such as malignant insulinoma of the pancreas, several techniques should be considered, including administration of ocreotide and/or continuous glucose monitoring, to prevent hypoglycemic episodes and to improve quality of life.

Keywords: Pancreas; Insulinoma; Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor; Diagnosis; Management; Continuous blood glucose monitoring