Original Article
Copyright ©2013 Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Sep 28, 2013; 19(36): 5988-5999
Published online Sep 28, 2013. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i36.5988
Electroacupuncture improves gut barrier dysfunction in prolonged hemorrhagic shock rats through vagus anti-inflammatory mechanism
Ming-Hua Du, Hong-Min Luo, Sen Hu, Yi Lv, Zhi-Long Lin, Li Ma
Ming-Hua Du, Hong-Min Luo, Sen Hu, Yi Lv, Zhi-Long Lin, Li Ma, Research Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
Ming-Hua Du, Hong-Min Luo, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
Author contributions: Du MH and Luo HM contributed equally to this study; Hu S, Du MH and Luo HM designed the research; Du MH, Luo HM, Lin ZL, Ma L and Lv Y performed the research; Du MH, Hu S and Luo HM analyzed the data; Du MH, Luo HM and Hu S prepared and revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by The National Basic Research Program of China, 973 Program, Grant No. 2012CB518101
Correspondence to: Sen Hu, MD, PhD, Professor, Chief, Research Laboratory of Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction, Burns Institute, First Hospital Affiliated to the PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fu Cheng Road, Beijing 100048, China. bs0425@163.com
Telephone: +86-10-66867397 Fax: +86-10-68989139
Received: April 28, 2013
Revised: August 11, 2013
Accepted: August 16, 2013
Published online: September 28, 2013
Abstract

AIM: To investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) at Zusanli (ST36) prevents intestinal barrier and remote organ dysfunction following prolonged hemorrhagic shock through a vagus anti-inflammatory mechanism.

METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to about 45% of total blood volume loss followed by delayed fluid replacement (DFR) with Ringer lactate 3h after hemorrhage. In a first study, rats were randomly divided into six groups: (1) EAN: EA at non-channel acupoints followed by DFR; (2) EA: EA at ST36 after hemorrhage followed by DFR; (3) VGX/EA: vagotomy (VGX) before EA at ST36 and DFR; (4) VGX/EAN: VGX before EAN and DFR; (5) α-bungarotoxin (α-BGT)/EA: intraperitoneal injection of α-BGT before hemorrhage, followed by EA at ST36 and DFR; and (6) α-BGT/EAN group: α-BGT injection before hemorrhage followed by EAN and DFR. Survival and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored over the next 12 h. In a second study, with the same grouping and treatment, cytokine levels in plasma and intestine, organ parameters, gut injury score, gut permeability to 4 kDa FITC-dextran, and expression and distribution of tight junction protein ZO-1 were evaluated.

RESULTS: MAP was significantly lowered after blood loss; EA at ST36 improved the blood pressure at corresponding time points 3 and 12 h after hemorrhage. EA at ST36 reduced tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in both plasma and intestine homogenates after blood loss and DFR, while vagotomy or intraperitoneal injection of α-BGT before EA at ST36 reversed its anti-inflammatory effects, and EA at ST36 did not influence IL-10 levels in plasma and intestine. EA at ST36 alleviated the injury of intestinal villus, the gut injury score being significantly lower than that of EAN group (1.85 ± 0.33 vs 3.78 ± 0.59, P < 0.05). EA at ST36 decreased intestinal permeability to FITC-dextran compared with EAN group (856.95 ng/mL ± 90.65 ng/mL vs 2305.62 ng/mL ± 278.32 ng/mL, P < 0.05). EA at ST36 significantly preserved ZO-1 protein expression and localization at 12 h after hemorrhage. However, EA at non-channel acupoints had no such effect, and abdominal vagotomy and α-BGT treatment could weaken or eliminate the effects of EA at ST36. Besides, EA at ST36 decreased blood aminotransferase, MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase and creatinine vs EAN group at corresponding time points. At the end of 12-h experiment, the survival rate of the EA group was significantly higher than that of the other groups.

CONCLUSION: EA at ST36 attenuates the systemic inflammatory response, protects intestinal barrier integrity, improves organ function and survival rate after hemorrhagic shock via activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory mechanism.

Keywords: Hemorrhagic shock, Zusanli, Electro-acupuncture, Intestinal permeability, Tight junction

Core tip: The most important novel findings from this study are that when delayed resuscitation is inevitable during emergency situations such as hemorrhagic shock occurring in war without sufficient fluids, electroacupuncture at ST36 can be performed and it can successfully attenuate systemic inflammation, decrease gut injury and permeability and improve blood pressure and outcomes, which is consistent with preserved intestinal barrier function after hemorrhage and delayed fluid resuscitation.