Yang J, Xu ZP, Huang Y, Hamrick HE, Duerksen-Hughes PJ, Yu YN. ATM and ATR: Sensing DNA damage. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10(2): 155-160 [PMID: 14716813 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i2.155]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Dr. Ying-Nian Yu, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 353 Yanan Road, Hangzhou, 310031, Zhejiang Province,China. ynyu@hzcnc.com
Article-Type of This Article
Review
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World J Gastroenterol. Jan 15, 2004; 10(2): 155-160 Published online Jan 15, 2004. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i2.155
ATM and ATR: Sensing DNA damage
Jun Yang, Zheng-Ping Xu, Yun Huang, Hope E. Hamrick, Penelope J. Duerksen-Hughes, Ying-Nian Yu
Jun Yang, Zheng-Ping Xu, Yun Huang, Ying-Nian Yu, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310031, Zhejiang Province, China
Hope E. Hamrick, Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA Penelope J. Duerksen-Hughes, Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
Author contributions: All authors contributed equally to the work.
Supported by National Key Basic Research and Development Program No. 2002CB512901, China; National Natural Science Foundation No. 30300277, China; the Initial Funds for Returned Overseas Chinese Scholar from Zhejiang University and Ministry of Education, China
Correspondence to: Dr. Ying-Nian Yu, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 353 Yanan Road, Hangzhou, 310031, Zhejiang Province,China. ynyu@hzcnc.com
Received: July 17, 2003 Revised: August 10, 2003 Accepted: August 18, 2003 Published online: January 15, 2004
Abstract
Cellular response to genotoxic stress is a very complex process, and it usually starts with the “sensing” or “detection” of the DNA damage, followed by a series of events that include signal transduction and activation of transcription factors. The activated transcription factors induce expressions of many genes which are involved in cellular functions such as DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and cell death. There have been extensive studies from multiple disciplines exploring the mechanisms of cellular genotoxic responses, which have resulted in the identification of many cellular components involved in this process, including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascade. Although the initial activation of protein kinase cascade is not fully understood, human protein kinases ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia, mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) are emerging as potential sensors of DNA damage. Current progresses in ATM/ATR research and related signaling pathways are discussed in this review, in an effort to facilitate a better understanding of genotoxic stress response.
