• Osteonecrosis
• autoimmune disorders
• corticosteroids
• etiology
• pathophysiology

• Humans
• Osteonecrosis/epidemiology
• Osteonecrosis/immunology
• Osteonecrosis/etiology
• Autoimmune Diseases/epidemiology
• Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
• Autoimmune Diseases/complications
• Adrenal Cortex Hormones/adverse effects
• Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
• Risk Factors
• Animals
• Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
• Risk

• inflammatory bowel disease
• surgery
• venous thromboembolism

• Humans
• Colitis, Ulcerative/surgery
• Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
• Retrospective Studies
• Female
• Male
• Venous Thromboembolism/prevention & control
• Venous Thromboembolism/etiology
• Adult
• Proctocolectomy, Restorative/adverse effects
• Proctocolectomy, Restorative/methods
• Anticoagulants/therapeutic use
• Postoperative Complications/prevention & control
• Postoperative Complications/etiology
• Postoperative Complications/epidemiology
• Middle Aged
• Colectomy/adverse effects
• Colectomy/methods
• Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data

• Endotoxemia
• Gut microbiota
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Lipopolysaccharides
• TMAO
• Thrombosis

• Humans
• Dysbiosis/complications
• Dysbiosis/microbiology
• Endotoxemia/complications
• Lipopolysaccharides
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/microbiology
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/therapy
• Thrombosis/etiology
• Gastrointestinal Diseases

• animal model
• cytokines
• inflammatory bowel disease
• ischemia–reperfusion injury
• myocardial infarction
• translational medicine

• Internal Collaborative Project Program (PCI_22/2017). Institut Pasteur de Tunis

• Crohn's disease
• Deep vein thrombosis
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Pulmonary embolism
• Venous thromboembolism

Crohn’s disease (CD) and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are closely related. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the coexistence of CD and PAD are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the key molecules and pathways mediating the co-occurrence of CD and PAD through quantitative bioinformatic analysis of a public RNA sequencing database.

Datasets of CD (GSE111889) and PAD (GSE120642) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using the ‘edgeR’ and ‘limma’ packages of R. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia analyses of common DEGs were performed to explore the functions of DEGs. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were established by the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database and visualized by Cytoscape. Hub genes were selected using the plugin cytoHubba. Hub gene validation was performed in GSE95095 for CD and GSE134431 for PAD. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the predictive values of the hub genes. Gene set enrichment analysis and immune infiltration of the hub genes were performed.

A total of 54 common DEGs (2 downregulated and 52 upregulated) were identified. Pathways of neutrophil chemotaxis, neutrophil migration and cytokine and cytokine receptors were enriched in CD and PAD. S100A8, S100A9, S100A12 and CXCR2 were identified as hub genes after validation, with all area under the curve > 0.7 for both CD and PAD. Neutrophil infiltration was associated with upregulation of the hub genes. Pathways of immune processes, including neutrophil activation, neutrophil chemotaxis, neutrophil migration were significantly correlated with high expression of S100A8, S100A9, S100A12 and CXCR2 in both CD and PAD.

This bioinformatic study elucidates S100A8, S100A9, S100A12 and CXCR2 as hub genes for the co-occurrence of Crohn’s disease and peripheral artery disease. Inflammation and immune regulation modulated by neutrophil infiltration play a central role in the development of CD and PAD and may be potential targets for diagnosis and treatment.

• Crohn Disease/genetics
• Crohn Disease/immunology
• Crohn Disease/metabolism
• Gene Expression Profiling
• Humans
• Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
• Peripheral Arterial Disease/genetics
• Peripheral Arterial Disease/immunology
• Peripheral Arterial Disease/metabolism
• Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
• Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
• S100 Proteins/genetics
• S100 Proteins/metabolism
• Up-Regulation

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare complication of ulcerative colitis (UC) that is potentially fatal once it occurs. This report describes a case of CVT that led to a diagnosis of UC. A 48-year-old woman was diagnosed with CVT due to paresthesia and weakness and was hospitalized for treatment. She developed bloody diarrhea on admission and was further diagnosed with UC based on endoscopic and pathologic findings. Treatment of UC with steroids and sulfasalazine was administered immediately. Her condition improved significantly within several days following treatment. After discharge, the patient experienced no recurrence of either CVT or UC flare-up over the last five years. This report describes CVT as an initial presentation of UC. This is also the first report of a long-term follow-up following successful treatment of CVT with concomitant UC.

• Animals
• Inflammation
• Interleukin-33
• Neutrophil Infiltration
• Neutrophils
• Serotonin

• National Institutes of Health

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a frequent complication in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially in those with frequent relapses of the disease or extensive inflammatory lesions. The aetiology for the increased risk is multifactorial.

Current evidence on management of acute iliofemoral DVT in IBD patients is scarce. This case series highlights two cases of active IBD, who developed acute iliofemoral DVTs and were treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT).

This report demonstrates that CDT is effective in clearing the clot burden and producing significant symptomatic improvement in the absence of major complications. An individualised approach must be taken for the management of IBD patients with acute iliofemoral DVT.

• catheter-directed thrombolysis
• deep vein thrombosis (dvt)
• deep venous stenting
• endovascular procedures
• inflammatory bowel disease

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• meta-analysis
• systematic review
• venous thromboembolism

Risk of venous thrombosis is increased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); data on Asian IBD patients is limited and status quo of thrombosis screening and prophylaxis are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the incidence, screening, prophylaxis, and risk factors for venous thrombosis among Asian IBD patients.

Medical files of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) from 17 hospitals across China between 2011 and 2016 were reviewed for venous thrombosis, use of screening and prophylaxis. A case-control study was performed among hospitalized patients with venous thrombosis and their age-, sex-matched IBD controls hospitalized around the same period; disease characteristics and known provoking factors of venous thrombosis were recorded. Risk factors were analyzed in both univariate and logistic regression analyses.

A total of 8,459 IBD patients were followed for 12,373 person-year. Forty-six patients (0.54%) had venous thrombosis, yielding an incidence of 37.18 per 10,000 person-year. Incidence increased with age, especially among CD. Less than 20% of patients received screening tests and 35 patients (0.41%) received prophylaxis. Severe disease flare was an independent risk factor for venous thrombosis (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: CD, 9.342 [1.813– 48.137]; UC, 5.198 [1.268–21.305]); past use of steroids and extensive involvement were 2 additional risk factors in CD and UC, respectively.

Incidence of venous thrombosis in China was 37.18 per 10,000 person-year (0.54%). Use of screening and prophylaxis were rare. Severe disease flare was an independent risk factor for thrombosis among hospitalized patients.

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Pulmonary embolism
• Venous thrombosis

• colorectal surgery
• inflammatory bowel disease
• pharmacological thromboprophylaxis
• venous thromboembolism

• anticoagulant therapy
• cerebral sinovenous thrombosis
• inflammatory bowel disease

• Anticoagulants/therapeutic use
• Blood Transfusion
• Child
• Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
• Female
• Humans
• Intracranial Thrombosis/complications
• Intracranial Thrombosis/therapy

• Colorectal surgery
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Postoperative complications

• cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
• inflammatory bowel disease
• ulcerative colitis

• Adult
• Anticoagulants/therapeutic use
• Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
• Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
• Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Induction Chemotherapy
• Male
• Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial/drug therapy
• Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial/etiology
• Symptom Flare Up

• crohn disease
• inflammatory bowel disease
• thromboembolism
• ulcerative colitis

• Adult
• Cerebral Veins
• Colitis, Ulcerative/complications
• Crohn Disease/complications
• Female
• Humans
• Intestinal Fistula/etiology
• Male
• Venous Thromboembolism/etiology
• Venous Thrombosis/etiology

• Crohn’s disease
• extraintestinal manifestations
• inflammatory bowel disease
• screening
• treatment
• ulcerative colitis

• Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
• Crohn Disease/diagnosis
• Humans
• Inflammation/diagnosis
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diagnosis

• deep vein thrombosis
• inflammatory bowel disease
• pulmonary embolism
• thromboembolism
• thrombosis
• venous thromboembolism

Thromboembolism (TE) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an increasingly noted extra-intestinal manifestation with high morbidity (about 1%-8%), and the incidence rate can reach 41% by mucosal biopsy. Although TE is a life-threatening complication of IBD, this complication is often overlooked. To date, the mechanism behind this prothrombotic state encountered in IBD patients is not fully understood, and it is multifactorial and related to the inflammatory state. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of thrombotic mechanism and anticoagulant therapy in IBD. While controlling the activity of the disease with appropriate therapy, thromboembolism prophylaxis should be considered.

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Thromboembolism
• Mechanism
• Anticoagulant therapy

• Adult
• Biomarkers
• Carboxypeptidase B2/blood
• Carboxypeptidase B2/immunology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/blood
• Colitis, Ulcerative/metabolism
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
• Female
• Humans
• Inflammation/blood
• Inflammation/metabolism
• Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
• Male
• Middle Aged

• abdominal pain
• alopecia
• anxiety and depression
• diarrhea
• dyspnea
• fatigue
• inflammatory bowel disease
• joint pain
• nausea and vomiting
• neurologic symptoms

Inflammatory bowel disease affects more than 2 million people in Europe, with almost 20% of patients being diagnosed in pediatric age. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risk of thromboembolic complications which may affect patients’ morbidity and mortality. The risk of the most common thromboembolic events, such as deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, are estimated to be three-fold increased compared to controls, but many other districts can be affected. Moreover, patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease experience thromboembolic events at a younger age compared to general population. Many factors have been investigated as determinants of the pro-thrombotic tendency such as acquired risk factors or genetic and immune abnormalities, but a unique cause has not been found. Many efforts have been focused on the study of abnormalities in the coagulation cascade, its natural inhibitors and the fibrinolytic system components and both quantitative and qualitative alterations have been demonstrated. Recently the role of platelets and microvascular endothelium has been reviewed, as the possible link between the inflammatory and hemostatic process.

• Crohn’s disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Thrombosis
• Ulcerative colitis

• IBD
• Mouse Model
• Plasminogen
• UC

• Atherosclerosis/etiology
• Hepatitis/complications
• Hepatitis/physiopathology
• Humans
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/complications
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/physiopathology
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/physiopathology
• Vascular Diseases/physiopathology

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• arterial embolic events
• thromboembolic events
• venous embolic events

Only a very few systematic studies have investigated the frequency of neurologic disorders in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), which are the two main types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Results have been inconsistent and variable, owing to differences in case-finding methods and evaluated outcomes in different studies. The most frequent neurologic manifestations reported in CD and UC populations are cerebrovascular disease (with either arterial or venous events), demyelinating central nervous system disease, and peripheral neuropathy (whether axonal or demyelinating); however, the literature describes numerous nervous system disorders as being associated with IBD. The pathogenesis of nervous system tissue involvement in IBD has yet to be elucidated, although it seems to be related to immune mechanisms or prothrombotic states. The recently-introduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors have proven successful in controlling moderate to severe IBD activity. However, severe neurologic disorders associated with TNF inhibitors have been reported, which therefore raises concerns regarding the effect of anti-TNF-α antibodies on the nervous system. Although neurological involvement associated with IBD is rarely reported, gastroenterologists should be aware of the neurologic manifestations of IBD in order to provide early treatment, which is crucial for preventing major neurologic morbidity.

• Extraintestinal manifestations
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Neuropathy
• Stroke
• Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor

• Animals
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects
• Colitis, Ulcerative/diagnosis
• Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
• Colitis, Ulcerative/epidemiology
• Colitis, Ulcerative/physiopathology
• Crohn Disease/diagnosis
• Crohn Disease/drug therapy
• Crohn Disease/epidemiology
• Crohn Disease/physiopathology
• Gastrointestinal Agents/adverse effects
• Humans
• Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis
• Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology
• Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology
• Prognosis
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors

Thrombosis, mainly venous, is a rare and well-recognized extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We describe a 25-year-old Caucasian man affected by ulcerative colitis and sclerosing cholangitis with an episode of right middle cerebral arterial thrombosis resolved by intraarterial thrombolysis. We perform a brief review of the International Literature.

• chronic ulcerative colitis
• crohn’s disease
• outcomes
• deep vein thrombosis
• pulmonary embolism

In patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) the prevalence of thrombosis is 6.2%, the average incidence of thromboembolism (TE) is 3.6 times higher compared to normal population. The TE is a common extraintestinal complication of IBD, squarely associated with the IBD activity. The application of anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapy in severe IBD is an unresolved issue. Herein we report the first case in literature of an active IBD patient with an upper limb acute arterial occlusion and successful catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT). A 46-year-old male patient is reported who had Crohn’s disease for 10 years. His right hand suddenly became cold and painful. Angiography proved acute occlusion of the brachial and radial artery. Vascular surgery intervention was not applicable. Endoscopy showed extended, severe inflammation of the colon. Despite the severe endoscopic findings, frequent bloody stools and moderate anaemia, CDT with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator was performed. The control angiography proved improvement, the radial artery pulse appeared. No bleeding complication was observed. This case supports that CDT-after careful estimation of the bleeding risk-can be effective and safe in patients with severe or life-threatening TE and active IBD.

• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Crohn’s disease
• Thromboembolism
• Catheter-directed thrombolysis
• Gastrointestinal haemorrhage

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be affected by other unrelated diseases. These are called comorbid conditions, and can include any secondary health problem that affects a person suffering from a primary or main disease, and which is neither linked physiopathologically to the primary condition, nor is it due to the treatments used for the primary condition or to its long-term anatomical or physiological consequences. Different comorbid conditions, as well as their influence on IBD, are discussed.

• Comorbidity
• Comorbid conditions
• Crohn’s disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Ulcerative colitis