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Chen BF, Chien Y, Tsai PH, Perng PC, Yang YP, Hsueh KC, Liu CH, Wang YH. A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis of apolipoprotein C3 polymorphisms and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:923-929. [PMID: 34108427 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) gene polymorphisms and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) risk has been investigated in many studies, with inconclusive findings. This meta-analysis evaluated the effect of APOC3 promoter region polymorphisms (-455T/C and -482C/T) on NAFLD susceptibility. METHODS A comprehensive search of eligible studies up to October 2020 was performed on Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. No restriction was imposed on language, publication date, or publication status. Odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the combined effect sizes. The levels of heterogeneity, sensitivity, subgroup, and publication bias were analyzed subsequently. RESULTS This meta-analysis included eight studies, consisting of 1,511 patients with NAFLD and 1,900 controls fulfilling the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The pooled analysis showed significant associations between APOC3 -455T/C polymorphism and NAFLD risk in allelic (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.05-1.67), dominant (OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.04-1.72), and recessive (OR = 1.60; 95% CI = 1.06-2.40) models. Ethnicity-based stratification showed that -455T/C polymorphism was significantly associated with NAFLD risk in the non-Asian but not in the Asian population. No association was evident between -482C/T polymorphism and NAFLD risk. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that APOC3 promoter region polymorphism -455T/C may be associated with NAFLD risk in the non-Asian but not in the Asian population. Additional studies with other functional polymorphisms are needed to discover APOC3 gene effects on NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Feng Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yeuh Chien
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Medicine School, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-Hsing Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Medicine School, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pang-Chung Perng
- Department of Family Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Medicine School, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Chun Hsueh
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Hung Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuan-Hung Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
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Srinivasan R, Padmapriyadarsini C, Ramesh K, Sanjeeva G, Reddy D, Suresh E, Kumar R, Sathyamoorthy P, Swaminathan S, Shet A. APOC3 Gene Polymorphism and Antiretroviral Therapy-Induced Dyslipidemia in HIV-Infected Children. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:92-100. [PMID: 33115242 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Children exposed to antiretroviral therapy (ART) are at risk of developing metabolic complications. The association between gene polymorphisms and the development of dyslipidemia in children post ART initiation was studied. Children initiating first-line ART were followed for 2 years at the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Chennai, India), and St. John's Medical College Hospital (Bangalore, India). Clinical examination and fasting serum lipid profiles were measured every 6 months. Participants were genotyped for the polymorphisms in the APOC3 gene (rs2854116; rs2854117, and rs5128). Changes in lipid levels from baseline to months 6, 12, and 24, and the difference between the various genotype variants were analyzed using a modified analysis of variance test. Study enrolled 393 ART-naive HIV-infected children (mean age: 7.6 ± 3 years, mean weight: 18 ± 6) of whom 289 (75%) were started on nevirapine (NVP)-based ART and the remaining 96 (25%) were started on efavirenz-based ART. Only children carrying the GG allele of rs5128 genotype showed a decrease in CD4% and serum triglycerides pre-ART. An increasing trend of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were seen at 6 months in both EFZ and NVP groups, which subsequently stabilized by 12 months irrespective of genotype variants. Genotype variants of APOC3 (rs2854116 and rs2854117 polymorphism) did not show significant changes in serum lipid levels after 24 months of ART, whereas rs5128 polymorphism with "G" allele showed an association with HDL-c levels when on NVP-based ART. Our results suggest that ART plays a major role in normalizing lipid levels in HIV-infected children and APOC3 polymorphisms may not play a significant role in ART-induced dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G.N. Sanjeeva
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Devarajulu Reddy
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Elumalai Suresh
- Institute of Child Health and Children's Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Anita Shet
- St. Johns Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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Wang J, Ye C, Fei S. Association between APOC3 polymorphisms and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease risk: a meta-analysis. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1800-1808. [PMID: 34394242 PMCID: PMC8351815 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i4.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) polymorphism has been reported to predispose to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the results remain inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to provide insights into the association between APOC3 polymorphisms and NAFLD risk. METHODS Studies with terms "NALFD" and "APOC3" were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang databases up to August 1, 2019. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the association of APOC3 polymorphisms and NAFLD risk were calculated using fixed and random-effects models. RESULTS A total of twelve studies from eleven articles were included. Of them, eight studies (1750 cases and 2181 controls) reported the strong association of variant rs2854116 with NAFLD and six studies (1523 cases and 1568 controls) found the association of rs2854117 polymorphism with NAFLD. Overall, a statistically significant association between rs2854116 polymorphism of APOC3 gene and NAFLD risk was found only under dominant model. However, association of rs2854117 polymorphism with NAFLD risk was not detected under all four genetic models. In sub-group analysis of NAFLD subjects based on country, no association among them in China was detected. Besides, four studies analyze the association between the two polymorphisms and clinical characteristics in all subjects or NAFLD patients, and we also failed detect any association between the wild carriers and variant carriers. CONCLUSION The meta-analyses suggests that the rs2854116 polymorphism but not rs2854117 polymorphism in APOC3 gene might be a risk factor for NAFLD among Asians. That is, individuals with CT+CC genotype have higher risk of developing NAFLD. However, studies with sufficient sample size are needed for the further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuncui Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sujuan Fei
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
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Jain V, Kumar A, Ahmad N, Jana M, Kalaivani M, Kumar B, Shastri S, Jain O, Kabra M. Genetic polymorphisms associated with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asian Indian adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:749-758. [PMID: 31216264 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2018-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to investigate the association of polymorphisms in four genes, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFA), patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3), adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3), with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Asian Indian adolescents. Methods In this case-control study, 218 Asian Indian adolescents with overweight/obesity and 86 lean healthy adults without fatty liver were enrolled. Hepatic steatosis was assessed and graded by ultrasonography (USG). Serum insulin, lipids, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), TNF-α, adiponectin and apolipoprotein C3 were measured and genotyping was done. Frequencies of variant and wild genotypes in all adolescents and in the subgroups without steatosis, with grade 1 steatosis and with grade 2 or 3 steatosis were compared to those in the controls. The frequencies were also compared in the overweight adolescents with grade 2 or 3 steatosis and without steatosis. Results Variant genotypes of polymorphisms -863 C > A and -1031 T > C of the TNFA gene, 455 T > C of the APOC3 gene and the wild type of +276 G > T of the ADIPOQ gene were associated with obesity with odds ratios (OR, 95% confidence interval [CI]) of 2.5 (1.5-4.4), 2.5 (1.5-4.2), 2.0 (1.1-3.6) and 2.5 (1.4-5.0), respectively. Polymorphisms 455 T > C of APOC3 and rs738409 C > G of PNPLA3 were associated with NAFLD. Fasting insulin and triglycerides (TG) were higher in the adolescents with homozygous variant polymorphisms -1031 T > C of TNFA and 455 T > C of APOC3 genes, respectively. Conclusions Several polymorphisms were noted to have a significant association with obesity and NAFLD in Asian Indian adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nayeem Ahmad
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Jana
- Department of Radiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mani Kalaivani
- Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivaram Shastri
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Oshima Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Madhulika Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Association between Genetic Variant of Apolipoprotein C3 and Incident Hypertension Stratified by Obesity and Physical Activity in Korea. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111595. [PMID: 30380775 PMCID: PMC6267455 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) is an important regulator of lipoprotein metabolism, and has been shown to be strongly associated with hypertriglyceridemia. We tested whether triglyceride-influencing genetic variants at APOC3 (T-455C, C-482T, C1100T, and SstI) are associated with the onset of hypertension (HTN) among Korean adults stratified by lifestyle-related factors in the Ansung–Ansan cohort within the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. After excluding participants with preexisting cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and HTN, a total of 5239 men and women were included at baseline (2001–2002), and followed up for a median of 9.8 years. Carriers of the C allele of C1100T with body mass index <25 kg/m2 showed a significantly lower HTN risk (hazard ratio (HR) than non-carriers: 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77–0.98) after adjusting for covariates. In addition, carriers of the C allele of T-455C and the T allele of C-482T with low physical activity had lower incident HTN than non-carriers (HR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03–1.26; HR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02–1.25). Our results suggest that genotype effects in APOC3 on HTN risk have been shown in lean carriers of the C allele of C1100T and in less active people having the C allele of T-455C and T allele of C-482T in a large sample of the Korean population.
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Padmapriyadarsini C, Ramesh K, Sekar L, Ramachandran G, Reddy D, Narendran G, Sekar S, Chandrasekar C, Anbarasu D, Wanke C, Swaminathan S. Factors affecting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HIV-infected patients on nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy. Indian J Med Res 2018; 145:641-650. [PMID: 28948955 PMCID: PMC5644299 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1611_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high triglycerides is common in the general population in India. As nevirapine (NVP)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) tends to increase HDL-C, gene polymorphisms associated with HDL-C metabolism in HIV-infected adults on stable NVP-based ART were studied. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2013 and July 2014 among adults receiving NVP-based ART for 12-15 months. Blood lipids were estimated and gene polymorphisms in apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) genes were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Framingham's 10-yr CVD risk score was estimated. Logistic regression was done to show factors related to low HDL-C levels. Results: Of the 300 patients included (mean age: 38.6±8.7 yr; mean CD4 count 449±210 cell/μl), total cholesterol (TC) >200 mg/dl was observed in 116 (39%) patients. Thirty nine per cent males and 47 per cent females had HDL-C levels below normal while 32 per cent males and 37 per cent females had TC/HDL ratio of 4.5 and 4.0, respectively. Body mass index [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-2.84, P=0.04] and viral load (aOR=3.39, 95% CI: 1.52-7.52, P=0.003) were negatively associated with serum HDL-C levels. The 10-yr risk score of developing CVD was 11-20 per cent in 3 per cent patients. Allelic variants of APOC3 showed a trend towards low HDL-C. Interpretation & conclusions: High-risk lipid profiles for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease were common among HIV-infected individuals, even after 12 months of NVP-based ART. Targeted interventions to address these factors should be recommended in the national ART programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Padmapriyadarsini
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - K Ramesh
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - L Sekar
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Geetha Ramachandran
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Devaraj Reddy
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - G Narendran
- Department of Clinical Research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - S Sekar
- ART Centre, Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - C Chandrasekar
- Nodal ART Medical Officer, Government Hospital of Thoracic Medicine, Chennai, India
| | - D Anbarasu
- ART Centre, Government Vellore Medical College & Hospital, Vellore, India
| | - Christine Wanke
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
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Yang H, Chen G, Song C, Li D, Ma Q, Chen G, Li X. A novel index including SNPs for the screening of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among elder Chinese: A population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e0272. [PMID: 29595690 PMCID: PMC5895391 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Presently noninvasive methods were employed to the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including fatty liver index (FLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), product of fasting triglyceride and glucose levels (TyG), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), whereas the accuracy of those indexes need to be improved. Our study aimed to investigate the feasibility of a new index comprehensive index (CI), consisting of 6 serum biomarkers and anthropometric parameters through multivariate logistic regression analysis, to the earlier detection of NAFLD, and the diagnostic value of 5 SNPs (S1: rs2854116 of apolipoprotein C3 [APOC3], S2: rs4149267 of ATP-binding cassette transporter [ABCA1], S3: rs13702 of lipoprotein lipase [LPL], S4: rs738409 of protein 3 [patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 3 (PNPLA3)], S5: rs780094 of glucokinase regulatory protein gene [GCKR]) for NAFLD were also explored. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) and Youden index (YI) were calculated to assess the diagnostic value. The AUROC of CI was higher than FLI, HSI, and TyG (CI: 0.897, FLI: 0.873, HSI: 0.855, TyG: 0.793). Therefore, CI might be a better index for the diagnosis of NAFLD. Although there had no statistical significance (P = .123), the AUROC and YI were increased when CI combined with rs2854116 (S1) (AUROC = 0.902, YI = 0.6844). The combination of CI with S1 showed even better diagnostic accuracy than CI, which suggests the potential value of rs2854116 for the diagnosis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yang
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University
| | - Guochong Chen
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University
| | - Chunli Song
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University
| | - Deming Li
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University
| | - Qinghua Ma
- Preventive Medicine Department, The Third People's Hospital of Xiangcheng District in Suzhou
| | - Guangliang Chen
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University
| | - Xinli Li
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
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Macaluso FS, Maida M, Petta S. Genetic background in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A comprehensive review. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11088-11111. [PMID: 26494964 PMCID: PMC4607907 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i39.11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Western world, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most significant liver diseases of the twenty-first century. Its development is certainly driven by environmental factors, but it is also regulated by genetic background. The role of heritability has been widely demonstrated by several epidemiological, familial, and twin studies and case series, and likely reflects the wide inter-individual and inter-ethnic genetic variability in systemic metabolism and wound healing response processes. Consistent with this idea, genome-wide association studies have clearly identified Patatin-like phosholipase domain-containing 3 gene variant I148M as a major player in the development and progression of NAFLD. More recently, the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 E167K variant emerged as a relevant contributor in both NAFLD pathogenesis and cardiovascular outcomes. Furthermore, numerous case-control studies have been performed to elucidate the potential role of candidate genes in the pathogenesis and progression of fatty liver, although findings are sometimes contradictory. Accordingly, we performed a comprehensive literature search and review on the role of genetics in NAFLD. We emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of the available literature and outline the putative role of each genetic variant in influencing susceptibility and/or progression of the disease.
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Sharma M, Mitnala S, Vishnubhotla RK, Mukherjee R, Reddy DN, Rao PN. The Riddle of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Progression From Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver to Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:147-58. [PMID: 26155043 PMCID: PMC4491606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is an emerging global epidemic which progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis in a subset of subjects. Various reviews have focused on the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of NAFLD. This review highlights specifically the triggers implicated in disease progression from NAFL to NASH. The integrating role of genes, dietary factors, innate immunity, cytokines and gut microbiome have been discussed.
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Key Words
- AGE, Advanced glycation end products
- ALT, Alanine aminotransferase
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein Kinase
- APPL1 and 2, Adaptor protein 1 and 2
- ATP, Adenosine tri-phosphatase
- BMI, Basal Metabolic Index
- CD, Cluster of differentiation
- COL13A1, Collagen, type XIII, alpha 1
- DAMP, Damage assocauted molecular pattern molecules
- EFCAB4B, EF-hand calcium binding domain 4B
- FA, Fatty acid
- FDFT1, Farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1
- FFA, Free fatty acid
- GCKR, Glucokinase regulatory protein
- GLUT 5, Glucose transporter type 5
- GWAS, Genome wide association studies
- HDL, High density lipoprotein
- HMGB1, High-mobility group protein B1
- HOMA-IR, Homoestatic model assessment-insulin resistance
- HSC, Hepatic Stellate Cells
- Hh, Hedgehog
- IL6, Interleukin 6
- IR, Insulin Resistance
- KC, Kupffer Cells
- LPS, Lipopolysacharrides
- LYPLAL1, Lypophospholipase like 1
- MCP, Monocyte chemotactic protein
- NAD, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAFL, Nonalcoholic fatty liver
- NAFLD, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- NCAN, Neurocan gene
- NF-KB, Nuclear Factor Kappa B
- NK, Natural Killer
- NKL, Natural Killer T cells
- NLR, NOD like receptor
- NNMT, Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase gene
- OXLAM, Oxidized linolenic acid metabolite
- PAMP, Pathogen-associated Molecular pattern
- PARVB, Beta Parvin Gene
- PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor
- PNPLA3
- PNPLA3, Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3
- PPAR-α, Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha
- PPP1R3B, Protein phosphatase 1 R3B
- PUFA, Poly unsaturated fatty acid
- PZP, Pregnancy-zone protein
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SAMM, Sorting and assembly machinery component
- SCAP, SREBP cleavage-activating protein
- SFA, Saturated fatty acid
- SNP, Single nucleotide polymorphism
- SOCS3, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
- SOD2, Superoxide dismutase 2 gene
- SREBP-1C, Sterol regulatory Element—Binding Protein 1-C gene
- TLR, Toll like receptor
- TNF α, Tumor necrosis factor Alpha
- UCP3, Uncoupling protein 3 gene
- adiponectin
- cytokines
- gut microbiota
- lipotoxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Sharma
- Department of Hepatology and Nutrition, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India,Address for correspondence: Mithun Sharma, Consultant Hepatologist, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, 6-3-661, Red Rose Café Lane, Somajigudda, Hyderabad 500082, India. Tel.: +91 8790622655.
| | - Shasikala Mitnala
- Research Labs, Institute of Basic Sciences and Translational Research, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ravi K. Vishnubhotla
- Department of Genetics, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Rathin Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Duvvur N. Reddy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Padaki N. Rao
- Department of Hepatology and Nutrition, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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