Balloon dilator controls massive bleeding during endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage for pancreatic pseudocyst: A case report and review of literature

Abstract

Pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC), a common sequela of acute or chronic pancreatitis, was defined by the revised Atlanta classification as “a collection.” Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage is often considered a standard first-line therapy for patients with symptomatic PPC. This effective approach exhibits 90%-100% technical success and 85%-98% clinical success. Bleeding is a deadly adverse event associated with EUS-guided drainage procedures, and the bleeding rate ranges from 3% to 14%. Hemostasis involves conservative treatment, endoscopy, interventional radiology-guided embolization and surgery. However, few studies have reported on EUS-guided drainage with massive, multiple hemorrhages related to severe pancreatogenic portal hypertension (PPH). Thus, the aim of this case report was to present a case using a balloon dilator to achieve successful hemostasis for PPH-related massive bleeding in EUS-guided drainage of PPC. To our knowledge, this method has not been previously reported.

Key Words: Endoscopic ultrasound guided, Bleeding, Pancreatic pseudocyst, Balloon compression, Novel hemostasis

Core tip: There has been considerable research in recent years dedicated to the development of endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage, which is viewed as the first-line therapy for the management of pancreatic pseudocyst due to the minimized invasiveness, lower mortality, better physical and mental condition of patient compared with surgical and percutaneous approaches. Although the procedure is safe and effective, bleeding is one of the deadly adverse events. This is the first report using a balloon dilator to control pancreatogenic portal hypertension-related bleeding in endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage for pseudocyst.

INTRODUCTION

Acute pancreatitis is the most common cause of hospitalization associated with gastrointestinal disease in the United States[1]. It is estimated that 5%-20% of pancreatitis episodes are complicated by the development of pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC)[2,3]. PPC, a common sequela of acute or chronic pancreatitis, was defined by the revised Atlanta classification as an encapsulated collection of fluid with a well-defined wall with minimal or no necrosis[4]. The majority of PPC cases was asymptomatic and may resolve spontaneously. However, PPCs can become symptomatic when they are infected or increase in size, which warrants intervention[5].

Previous retrospective and prospective studies have demonstrated that endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage for symptomatic PPC is increasingly used as a primary therapy with 90%-100% technical and 85%-98% clinical success rates[5,6]. However, hemorrhage is one of the deadly adverse events, and bleeding rates range from 3% to 14%[7,8]. Bleeding presents a challenging problem for physicians dealing with PPC. Management of this condition requires the cooperation of surgeons, endoscopists and radiologists. Historically, hemorrhages have been treated with conservative therapy, endoscopy, interventional radiology-guided embolization or surgery[9].

Herein, we present a meaningful case using a small balloon dilator to control PPH-related massive bleeding in EUS-guided drainage of PPC. To our knowledge, this method has not been previously reported.

CASE REPORT

A 55 years old woman presented with abdominal pain and distension resulting from PPC. She reported no nausea or vomiting. The patient had a complicated medical history (Supplementary file 1). She developed acute pancreatitis due to a gallstone and chronic cholecystitis 2.5 years ago. Then, the patient progressed from acute to chronic pancreatitis and PPC. Therefore, some treatment approaches, such as endoscopic nasopancreatic drainage (ENPD) and ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage, were attempted. However, the PPC continually recurred. She visited our hospital again due to PPC growth and abdominal pain symptoms.

An abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan (Figure 1) revealed a 7.4 cm × 6.2 cm pseudocyst in the tail of pancreas. Notably, most of the splenic vein compression, splenomegaly, perisplenic and gastric varices suggested severe varices due to pancreatogenic portal hypertension (PPH). In addition, pre-procedural magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) revealed a homogeneous pseudocyst mass in the tail of the pancreas. Contact was observed between the pseudocyst and the pancreatic duct, and a high-intensity fluid tract was detected. Cross-sectional imaging and patient medical history helped to confirm the pseudocyst. Particularly, EUS (Figure 2) revealed that the cyst wall had a thickness of approximately 10 mm and good adhesion (within 10 mm) between the cyst wall and posterior gastric wall. After sufficient pre-procedural preparation, EUS-guided trans-gastric drainage was performed.

Figure 1 Pre-procedural contrast-enhanced computed tomography image. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the upper abdomen images revealed a 7.4 cm × 6.2 cm pancreatic pseudocyst in the tail of the pancreas, which was in close contact with the posterior wall of the stomach. Notably, splenic vein occlusion, splenomegaly and gastric varices were also observed.

Figure 2 Endoscopic ultrasound image. These revealed a homogeneous pseudocyst mass, and the cyst wall had a thickness of approximately 10 mm. Good adhesion was noted between the cyst wall and the posterior gastric wall.

The patient underwent endoscopy performed by experienced interventional endoscopists using a linear array echoendoscope (Olympus Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) (Supplementary file 2). All procedures were performed while the patient was under general anesthesia. EUS imaging was used to determine the cyst puncture site and confirm the lack of intervening vessels at the puncture site. A 19-gauge needle was employed to perform the primary PPC puncture and access the cavity, which helped to create a fistula between the PPC and gastric lumen. Aspiration of PPC contents was then conducted to confirm the location, and the aspirate was microbiologically assessed. A 0.035 in guidewire was inserted through the needle and then coiled into the cyst cavity. The needle was withdrawn, while the guidewire remained in the cyst. Next, a 10F cystotome was utilized to dilate the fistula. Unfortunately, after we removed the cystotome, an acute, massive hemorrhage surrounding the fistula was noted under EUS, and the blood flow was similar to a stream (Figure 3A, video 1). Hemoglobin decreased by 2 g, and a blood transfusion was performed immediately. We transfused 1.5 units of fresh red cells, but the transfusion did not improve the situation.

Figure 3 Endoscopic images. A: Endoscopic images during the procedure revealed acute and massive bleeding surrounding the fistula, and the blood flowed like a stream; B: Endoscopic images revealed that the massive bleeding was stopped via the compression of balloon dilator to achieve effective hemostasis, significantly impacting the patient’s condition.

Ultimately, we used a 10-mm balloon dilator (Boston Scientific, Natick, Mass) guided by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) to compress the bleeding area (Figure 4, schematic diagram). DSA was used to ensure that the balloon was placed in the correct location (Figure 5). We used a pressure pump to inject 1:1 contrast agent into the balloon to expand it to 1 cm. Suddenly, the “blood stream” was controlled (Figure 3B). After half an hour, we loosened the balloon, and bleeding was observed in EUS images. Thus, we continued compression for two hours. Surprisingly, the serious hemorrhage had completely stopped when we loosened the balloon again. Furthermore, the fistula was simultaneously dilated. One small balloon, as a dilator and an effective tool to achieve hemostasis, made a significant impact. Finally, a 1.0 cm double-pigtail plastic stent (DPPS) was successfully deployed. Considering the substantial bleeding, we decided to deploy only one stent to avoid excessive damage.

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the procedure. A small balloon was expanded to 1 cm using a pressure pump, and contrast agent was administered. We used the balloon dilator to compress the bleeding area and achieve effective hemostasis.

Figure 5 Image of digital subtraction angiography. It revealed a balloon dilator compressing the bleeding area. The digital subtraction angiography (DSA) guided and ensured that the balloon was in the correct location surrounding the fistula. DSA imaging also revealed balloon dilation of the tract.

The patient underwent CECT after two months to evaluate resolution of the fluid collection. CECT revealed that the PPC completely resolved without any remaining fluid component, and the severe PPH was alleviated (Figure 6). Ultimately, the stent was safely removed. Post-procedural CT indicated that the PPC lacked a stent and that PPH was significantly alleviated (Figure 7). The patient reported no bleeding and no recurrence at the six month follow-up.

Figure 6 Follow-up contrast-enhanced computed tomography images. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealing a significant decrease in the size of the pseudocyst with a double pig plastic stent in position two months after endoscopy ultrasound-guided placement of a visible plastic stent between the stomach and residual pancreatic pseudocyst. The stent also effectively drained the pseudocyst and relieved the severely affected collateral vessels.

Figure 7 Follow-up contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan images. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen demonstrating that the pseudocyst was completely resolved three months after stent removal. No reoccurrence was noted, as indicated by the significant resolution of the serious perisplenic and gastric varices.

DISCUSSION

PPC typically develops as a result of sequelae of acute or chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic trauma, malignancy, and surgery[10]. Ultrasound, CT, MRI (including MRCP) and EUS are routine diagnostic approaches for pancreatic fluid collections. A CT scan of PPC is the most commonly used modality for diagnosis, and EUS is used for observation and as a therapeutic procedure[11,12]. Rapid progression in the improvement of diagnostic methods enables examination with high sensitivity and specificity. The differentiation of PPC can be challenging and depends on high-quality imaging and thorough knowledge of medical history and disease pathophysiology (Supplementary file 3).

Currently, the management options for symptomatic PPC mainly include surgical, percutaneous and endoscopic drainage[13]. In a previous randomized trial comparing endoscopic and surgical drainage for a pseudocyst, Varadarajulu et al[14] revealed that these procedures had equal efficacy for PPC drainage. However, endoscopic treatment was associated with lower mortality, better physical and mental health of patients, shorter hospital stays, and lower cost. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis[15] concluded that endoscopic drainage rather than percutaneous drainage should be the preferred therapeutic method for PFC. In recent years, the use of EUS-guided drainage has gradually increased. Moreover, this procedure has been recognized as the first-line approach for managing symptomatic PPC[16].

In our case, the patient chose EUS-guided drainage for three reasons. First, the patient tried other treatments, including conservative approaches as well as endoscopic nasopancreatic and percutaneous methods. However, the PPC continuously recurred. Second, although another possible treatment for this patient was pseudocyst-jejunum anastomosis due to the connection between the pseudocyst and the pancreatic duct. Although surgery is the traditional therapy for PPC, it is associated with more complications, such as pancreatic fistula and intestinal fistula, longer length of recovery and hospital stays, and increased cost[17]. In contrast, EUS-guided drainage is a minimally invasive treatment for pseudocysts with fewer adverse events and shorter length of recovery[11]. Third, the patient experienced serious PPH. Surgery causes substantial trauma that could potentially injure the variceal vessels and increase the risk of bleeding. In consideration of all these factors, we selected EUS-guided drainage for this patient, and it was effective.

However, some treatment methods related to EUS-guided drainage are associated with bleeding. A recent retrospective study assessed 103 pancreatic fluid collection patients treated by EUS-guided drainage. In total, five patients experienced bleeding (5%), and one patient died from splenic artery pseudoaneurysms[9]. In addition, stent erosion of the gastric wall was noted in one patient who was treated by cauterization for durable hemostasis under esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). In another patient, collateral vessel bleeding was managed conservatively. Moreover, one patient experienced intracavity variceal bleeding and was treated by intracavity tamponade under endoscopy. In another multicenter study by Siddiqui[5], EUS-guided drainage of PPC was employed, and 4% of patients experienced bleeding. Two patients experienced severe bleeding due to inadvertent puncture of an artery, which was successfully treated with interventional radiology-guided coil embolization. Recently, Puri et al[18] performed EUS-guided cyst puncture and drainage on 40 patients with PPC. The success rate was 100%, and only one patient underwent surgery due to bleeding. The authors also believed that EUS-guided drainage of PPC was a safe, successful method.

In the present case, the patient experienced acute, massive bleeding surrounding the puncture site, and surgery seemed to be an appropriate option. However, considering the serious situation with PPH, surgery could possibly damage the variceal vessels, while EUS with color Doppler ultrasound can identify the surrounding vessels and avoid intervening vessels at the puncture site[19]. Furthermore, because the bleeding was so severe, we needed a rapid, efficient, less damaging form of hemostasis to control it, and balloon compression quickly controlled the bleeding. In addition, the outcome of EUS appeared poor when the bleeding occurred like a “blood stream,” and there were multiple, indefinite bleeding points. Thus, endoscopic cauterization or tamponade treatment and interventional embolization may have been impossible to perform. Under these conditions, balloon compression represented optimal hemostasis with the advantages of convenience, quickness, inexpensive cost, and minimal invasiveness. From this case, we learned the following. Although EUS-guided drainage for PPC is safe and effective, there are some adverse events, and interventional endoscopists need to prepare in advance to address different problems. In addition, management of bleeding requires integrated and multidisciplinary cooperation between surgeons, endoscopists, and radiologists.

In conclusion, balloon compression may represent a successful treatment for a fistula surrounding massive bleeding during EUS-guided drainage for PPC and provides a novel form of hemostasis. Although this method was effective in our patient, additional successful cases are needed to confirm the validity of this new hemostasis method in future studies.

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

Case characteristics

A 55-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with abdominal pain and distension resulting from a history of pancreatic pseudocyst.

Clinical diagnosis

Pancreatic pseudocyst.

Differential diagnosis

Walled-off necrosis and pancreatic cystic tumors.

Laboratory diagnosis

No specific laboratory testing contributed to the diagnosis of the pancreatic pseudocyst.

Imaging diagnosis

Abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound examinations showed a pseudocyst in the tail of pancreas.

Pathological diagnosis

Pancreatic pseudocyst.

Treatment

We performed endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage with massive bleeding and used a balloon dilator to compress the bleeding sites.

Related reports

To our knowledge, using balloon compression to achieve effective hemostasis in EUS-guided drainage for pancreatogenic portal hypertension-related bleeding has not been previously reported.

Term explanation

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage with stenting is recognized as the standard first-line approach for a symptomatic pancreatic pseudocyst.

Experiences and lessons

Balloon compression is a novel and effective form of hemostasis for endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage with bleeding. Although this method was successful in this case, additional cases are needed to confirm our findings.