Orthopedic and musculoskeletal conditions in adolescence: The role of psychological screening in clinical care

Figure 1 Conceptual biopsychosocial pathways linking adolescent orthopedic and musculoskeletal conditions with psychological burden, behavioral responses, and clinical outcomes. Solid bidirectional connectors represent observed or prognostic associations for which reciprocal relationships are clinically plausible. Dashed bidirectional connectors represent proposed, contextual, or less directly supported relationships. Colors distinguish orthopedic and clinical domains, psychological and psychosocial burden, behavioral and pain-related responses, developmental and contextual modifiers, and protective factors. The numbered domains organize the figure conceptually and do not represent a temporal or causal sequence. Connector direction and color do not indicate effect size or certainty. The Figure 1 is a conceptual synthesis and should not be interpreted as a validated causal model. OpenAI ChatGPT Work (accessed July 24, 2026) was used to assist with the graphic layout and construction of editable PowerPoint vector elements. No third-party templates, icon libraries, or externally licensed graphic resources were used. All scientific content, labels, relationships, and final design decisions were independently reviewed and approved by the authors, who assume full responsibility for the accuracy of the Figure 1.