Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pediatric respiratory failure: History, development and current status

Table 2 Factors associated with hospital mortality among pediatric patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure

Factors	Increased survival	Increased death
Age	Younger	Age > 10 yr
Pulmonary process	Asthma	Pertussis
	Viral pneumonia/bronchiolitis	Sepsis
	Aspiration pneumonia	Opportunistic infections
Organ dysfunction		Renal failure/dialysis
		Liver injury
		Immune impairment/deficiency
		Cardiac arrest prior to ECMO
Severity of ventilator associated lung injury prior to ECMO		Severe acidosis
		High mean airway pressure
		Duration ventilation > 14 d
Mode	VV	VA
Complications during ECMO		Infection
		Stroke
		Cardiac arrest
		Organ failure

VV: Veno venous; VA: Veno arterial; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.