Novel endoscopic hybrid technique in the treatment of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy

Figure 2 Main procedures in hybrid technique group. A: Set-up of viewing and working portal; B: Radiofrequency probe was used for removal of extraspinal soft tissue; C: Traditional open-surgery punch was used for laminotomy; D: Endoscopic punch was used for precise laminotomy; E: Endoscopic drill was inserted through full-spine endoscopy system; F: Low-energy radiofrequency probe was used for intraspinal hemostasis; G: Ligamentum flavum was resected by basket punch and endoscopic Kerrison punch, then the herniated tissue was exposed (left), and herniated tissue was removed by endoscopic pituitary forceps and fully released nerve root was detected (right); H: Resected herniation tissue (left) and sutured operation wound without drainage (right).