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World J Orthop. Dec 18, 2021; 12(12): 961-969
Published online Dec 18, 2021. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v12.i12.961
Far lateral lumbar disc herniation part 1: Imaging, neurophysiology and clinical features
Luigi Valentino Berra, Andrea Di Rita, Federico Longhitano, Enrico Mailland, Paolo Reganati, Alessandro Frati, Antonio Santoro
Luigi Valentino Berra, Department of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Umberto I - Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00161, Italy
Andrea Di Rita, Federico Longhitano, Department of Neurosurgery, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano 20153, Italy
Enrico Mailland, Department of Neurology, San Carlo Borromeo Hospital, Milano 20153, Italy
Paolo Reganati, Department of Neuroradiology, Manzoni Hospital, Lecco 23900, Italy
Alessandro Frati, Neurosurgery Division Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University, Roma 00135, Italy andDepartment of Neurosurgery, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli IS 86077, Italy
Antonio Santoro, Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma 00161, Italy
Author contributions: Berra LV and Di Rita A designed and coordinated the present study, equally contributed to the work; Reganati P wrote part of the manuscript (radiological chapter); Mailland E wrote part of the manuscript (neurophysiology); Longhitano F and Frati A did literature research and wrote the manuscript; Santoro A supervised the work; All authors have read and approve the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No Author has any conflicts of interest to disclose.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Luigi Valentino Berra, MD, Assistant Professor, Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery, Policlinico Umberto I - Sapienza Università di Roma, No. 155 Viale del Policlinico, Roma 00161, Italy. luigivbe@tin.it
Received: January 29, 2021
Peer-review started: January 30, 2021
First decision: October 17, 2021
Revised: November 3, 2021
Accepted: December 9, 2021
Article in press: December 9, 2021
Published online: December 18, 2021
Processing time: 318 Days and 12.1 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: Far lateral lumbar disc herniations constitute a distinct category of lumbar disc herniations. Clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment are more demanding and require specific knowledge. A comprehensive review of the clinical presentation, epidemiology, radiological study, and neurophysiological aspects is presented in the present study.