Non-pharmacological treatment of Helicobacter pylori

Table 1 Suggested anti-Helicobacter pylori mechanisms of the foods and plant extracts

Agentadministered	Major mechanisms	Ref.
Cranberry	Bacteriostatic properties of proanthocyanidins	Howell[8], Gotteland et al[17]
	Inhibition of adhesion to the human gastric mucosa in vitro	Burger et al[9], Parente et al[10], Burger et al[19]
	Inhibition of adhesion and biofilm formation blocking	Shmuely et al[14]
	Anti-oxidative and anti-carcinogen activity	Côté et al[15]
	Proliferation suppression	Matsushima et al[16], Gotteland et al[17]
	Urease inhibition	Lin et al[18]
	Cytotoxic effect	Zafra-Stone et al[20]
Garlic	Antibacterial activity by thiosulphinates	Farbman et al[25]
Curcumin	Suppression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 and -9 expression in H. pylori infected human gastric epithelial cells	Kundu et al[45]
	Inhibition of the shikimate pathway, necessary for synthesis of aromatic amino acids	Han et al[46]
	Effect upon the production of IL-8, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 in gastric mucosa	Koosirirat et al[49]
Ginger	Anti-oxidant and anti-ulcer activity	Yoshikawa et al[52]
	Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activity	Kim et al[53]
	Blocking H+, K+-ATPase action, inhibitory effects on the growth of H. pylori, DNA protection and inhibition of lipid peroxidation	Siddaraju et al[55]
	6-gingerol enhances the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis by inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B	Ishiguro et al[60]
	Directly inhibiting the growth of H. pylori, particularly the CagA+ strains	Mahady et al[58]
Pistacia Gum	Induction of protrusions, morphological abnormalities, and cellular fragmentation in H. pylori cells	Marone et al[64]
	Inhibition of neutrophil activation	Choli-Papadopoulou et al[65]
	Triterpenic acids present in the acid extract	Paraschos et al[67]

H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; IL: Interleukin.