Therapy of gallstone disease: What it was, what it is, what it will be

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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2150-5349

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. Apr 6, 2012; 3(2): 7-20
Published online Apr 6, 2012. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v3.i2.7

Table 1 Non-genetic risk factors for gallbladder stones

Age

Female gender

High-calorie, low-fiber diet

High-carbohydrate diet, dietary glycemic load

Obesity

Physical inactivity

Rapid weight loss/surgery for obesity

Total gastrectomy with lymph node dissection

Spinal cord injury

Infections: enterohepatic Helicobacter species, malaria

Biliary strictures

Drugs: estrogens, calcineurin inhibitors, fibrates, octreotide, ceftriaxone

Total parenteral nutrition

Duodenal diverticulum

Extended ileal resection (black pigment stones)

Vitamin B₁₂/folic acid deficient diet (black pigment stones)

Pancreatic insufficiency

Cholangitis (brown pigment bile duct stones)

Adapted from Portincasa et al^[1] and Grünhage et al^[160] with permission.

Citation: Portincasa P, Ciaula AD, Bonfrate L, Wang DQ. Therapy of gallstone disease: What it was, what it is, what it will be. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2012; 3(2): 7-20
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2150-5349/full/v3/i2/7.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v3.i2.7

Portincasa P, Ciaula AD, Bonfrate L, Wang DQ. Therapy of gallstone disease: What it was, what it is, what it will be. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2012; 3(2): 7-20 [PMID: 22577615 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v3.i2.7]

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