Comorbidities and systemic steroids drive pneumonia risk in inflammatory bowel disease: Propensity score-matched cohort study

Table 3 Multivariable analyses of factors associated with pneumonia risk in the inflammatory bowel disease cohort

Category	Variable	Adjusted ORs (95%CI)
	Age at IBD diagnosis (per decade)	0.90 (0.77-1.06)
	Duration of IBD (per decade)	0.97 (0.72-1.30)
Sex	Female	0.83 (0.57-1.23)
Race/Ethnicity	Non-Hispanic White
	Non-Hispanic Black	1.33 (0.77-2.23)
	Hispanic	0.38 (0.14-0.85)a
	Non-Hispanic Asian	1.09 (0.06-5.50)
	Other	0.97 (0.39-2.08)
Annual income	< $35000	-
	$35-75000	0.61 (0.35-1.06)
	> $75000	0.46 (0.26-0.81)b
Education	Highest grade: About 11	-
	Highest grade: 12 to some college	0.48 (0.21-1.22)
	Highest grade: College graduate	0.36 (0.15-0.97)a
Lifestyle choices	Current smoker	0.93 (0.48-1.66)
	Alcohol use	1.03 (0.56 - 2.03)
CCI	CCI score 0-4	-
	CCI score 5-9	3.00 (1.63-5.62)b
	CCI score ≥ 10	12.20 (6.69-23.00)b
Medication use	Systemic steroids	2.26 (1.21-4.64)a
	Anti-TNF inhibitor	1.39 (0.88-2.15)
	Calcineurin inhibitor	1.36 (0.81-2.20)
	Immunomodulators	0.87 (0.56-1.34)
	Pneumococcal vaccination	1.00 (0.65-1.52)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; OR: Odds ratio; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.