Comorbidities and systemic steroids drive pneumonia risk in inflammatory bowel disease: Propensity score-matched cohort study

doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v16.i2.105335

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. Jun 5, 2025; 16(2): 105335
Published online Jun 5, 2025. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v16.i2.105335

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease cohort stratified by pneumonia status, n (%)

Characteristics	IBD cohort, n = 2810
Characteristics	No pneumonia, n = 2678	Pneumonia, n = 132
Demographic
Age in year, mean (SD)	58.0 (17.1)	65.4 (14.9)
Male sex	1017 (38)	55 (41.7)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	1937 (72.3)	92 (69.7)
Non-Hispanic Black	268 (10)	> 20¹
Hispanic	244 (9.1)	< 20¹
Non-Hispanic Asian	39 (1.5)	< 20¹
Other	190 (7.1)	< 20¹
Annual income
< $35000	626 (23.4)	52 (39.4)
$35-75000	550 (20.5)	22 (16.7)
> $75000	1059 (39.5)	27 (20.5)
Education
Highest grade: About 11	73 (2.7)	< 20¹
Highest grade: 12 to some college	1019 (38.1)	69 (52.3)
Highest grade: College graduate	1519 (56.7)	> 20¹
Current smoker	231 (8.6)	< 20¹
Alcohol use	2447 (91.4)	118 (89.4)
Baseline comorbid conditions
Myocardial infarction	143 (5.3)	36 (27.3)
Congestive heart failure	233 (8.7)	59 (44.7)
Peripheral vascular disease	441 (16.5)	72 (54.5)
Cerebrovascular disease	338 (12.6)	53 (40.2)
Chronic pulmonary disease	986 (36.8)	99 (75)
Rheumatic disease	366 (13.7)	32 (24.2)
Dementia	29 (1.1)	< 20¹
Hemiplegia or paraplegia	57 (2.1)	< 20¹
Diabetes mellitus without complication	288 (10.8)	26 (19.7)
Diabetes mellitus with complication	265 (9.9)	40 (30.3)
Renal disease	378 (14.1)	47 (35.6)
Mild liver disease	633 (23.6)	51 (38.6)
Moderate to severe liver disease	68 (2.5)	< 20¹
Peptic ulcer disease	288 (10.8)	31 (23.5)
Any solid tumor	391 (14.6)	27 (20.5)
Lymphoma or leukemia	103 (3.8)	< 20¹
Metastatic solid tumor	154 (5.8)	23 (17.4)
AIDS	23 (0.9)	< 20¹
CCI score (SD)	3.66 (3.55)	4.56 (4.04)
CCI score 0-4	1606 (60)	25 (18.9)
CCI score 5-9	678 (25.3)	32 (24.2)
CCI score ≥ 10	394 (14.7)	75 (56.8)
Baseline medications
Systemic steroids	1992 (74.4)	121 (91.7)
Anti-TNF inhibitor	722 (27)	40 (30.3)
Calcineurin inhibitor	261 (9.7)	24 (18.2)
Immunomodulators	772 (28.8)	40 (30.3)

¹Values for certain groups with counts less than 20 are reported as "< 20" according to All of Us Data Dissemination Policy.

AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.

Citation: Eun Y, Culpepper-Morgan J, Akanmode AM, Thu MB, Sta Lucia AA, Thearle MS, Trousdale RK. Comorbidities and systemic steroids drive pneumonia risk in inflammatory bowel disease: Propensity score-matched cohort study. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2025; 16(2): 105335
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2150-5349/full/v16/i2/105335.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v16.i2.105335