Duodenal localization of plasmablastic myeloma

Abstract

Gastrointestinal involvement in plasma cell neoplasms, either as primary localizations (extramedullary plasmacytomas) or as secondary involvement in systemic multiple myeloma, is a well-known event. Accurate histological examination is crucial in defining the diagnosis. In this report, an uncommon case of duodenal localization of myeloma with plasmablastic features is described, with emphasis on the role of clinical data and findings from ancillary immunostaining techniques to avoid misdiagnosis.

Key Words: Gastrointestinal tract, Myeloma, Plasma cell neoplasm, Plasmablastic, Duodenum

Core tip: In cases of gastrointestinal involvement by high-grade plasma cell neoplasia, the presence of large atypical cells infiltrating the lamina propria of the mucosa may lead to an erroneous diagnosis of poorly differentiated carcinoma. Clinical data and findings from ancillary immunostaining techniques are crucial to avoid misdiagnosis.

INTRODUCTION

Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract by plasma cell neoplasms is a well-known event, and many cases have been described in the literature, either as primary localizations (extramedullary plasmacytomas)[1] or as secondary involvement in systemic multiple myeloma[2]. In this report, the immunomorphological findings of an uncommon case of duodenal localization of myeloma with plasmablastic features are described.

CASE REPORT

A 60-year-old woman presented with unintentional weight loss, anemia and thrombocytopenia. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal peak of IgG (30 g/L), and immunofixation identified λ light chains. For better hematological evaluation, a bone marrow trephine biopsy was performed. Marrow spaces showed remarkably increased cellularity (about 90%), mainly represented by immature/atypical CD138⁺ plasma cells with prevalent λ chain immunohistochemical expression (about 80% of the total cellularity). Accordingly, the diagnosis was plasma cell neoplasm, with morphological features consistent with “high-grade” plasma cell myeloma. The residual cellularity was composed of trilineage hematopoietic cells with reactive changes, rare CD34⁺ blast cells and some B (CD20⁺) and T (CD3⁺) reactive small lymphocytes, showing interstitial and micronodular distribution.

In the days following the initial presentation to clinic, the patient re-presented with an acute worsening of anemia and an episode of melena. Suspected gastrointestinal bleeding was investigated by esophagogastroduodenoscopy; the esophageal and gastric mucosa appeared normal, while the duodenal mucosa was characterized by presence of multiple micropolyps, which were biopsied for histology. Microscopic examination revealed a diffuse infiltration in the lamina propria by medium- to large-sized cells with high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, atypical pleomorphic nuclei and prominent nucleoli, consistent with malignant neoplasia (Figure 1A-C). Immunohistochemical study excluded infiltration by poorly differentiated carcinoma (i.e., AE1/3 cytokeratin immunostaining was negative) and revealed a diffuse and strong positivity for the CD138 plasma cell marker (Figure 1D and E). Further immunostaining analyses showed a prevalent λ chain expression (Figure 1F).

Figure 1 Histological examination of duodenal mucosa biopsy samples. A: Low-power histological examination of duodenal mucosa fragments shows a hypercellular inter-glandular stroma (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 4); B, C: At medium- and high-power; B: Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 10; C: Hematoxylin-eosin, original magnification × 40), an infiltration of the lamina propria by atypical cells is better appreciated, with neoplastic cells displaying medium to large size pleomorphic nuclei, sometimes with prominent nucleoli, and scanty cytoplasm; D-F: CD138 immunostaining shows a strong and diffuse membrane staining, revealing the plasma cell nature of the neoplastic infiltrate (D: Original magnification × 4; E: Original magnification × 40), with prevalent λ chain immunohistochemical expression (F: Original magnification × 40).

Ultimately, the diagnosis of duodenal localization of plasma cell neoplasm showing plasmablastic myeloma features was made on the basis of the cell morphology findings and consistent with the previous bone marrow trephine biopsy diagnosis.

DISCUSSION

In cases of gastrointestinal plasma cell neoplasia, histological examination can represent a diagnostic pitfall, especially when the clinical data are missing; the underlying plasma cell neoplasia can remain unknown and the tumor cells can appear immature and/or atypical. In fact, the presence of neoplastic atypical cells diffusely infiltrating the lamina propria among glandular structures may be easily misdiagnosed as a poorly differentiated carcinoma. Furthermore, even in well differentiated cases with recognizable plasma cells, the issue can be complicated by the presence of numerous Russel bodies - spherical intracytoplasmic eosinophilic immunoglobulin - containing structures, easily detectable by microscopic observation-either in association with neoplastic plasma cell proliferation, in cases of lymphoproliferative disorders displaying a certain degree of plasma cell differentiation, or in non-neoplastic, inflammatory processes characterized by a conspicuous plasma cell infiltrate, such as the so-called Russell body gastritis[3]. In such cases, plasma cells can take on the form of the signet-ring cells of poorly differentiated mucinous carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, careful microscopic observation must be integrated with ancillary techniques, mainly immunohistochemical staining analyses, to formulate the right diagnosis. Immunoreaction for cytokeratins is determinant for excluding a carcinoma, and demonstration of plasma cell [CD138⁺ and/or CD38⁺ and/or VS38c (plasma cell p63)⁺] proliferation with κ or λ light-chain restriction enables distinction between a reactive and a neoplastic plasma cell infiltrate.

For the case presented herein, the clinical data represented an important tool for making the right diagnosis, similar to a previously described case of extramedullary plasmablastic myeloma of the small bowel[4]. The patient’s experience of acute worsening of anemia and an episode of melena suggested gastrointestinal bleeding; esophagogastroduodenoscopy disclosed the duodenal mucosa lesions and the histological diagnosis were supported by the clinical-anamnestic data of a previous diagnosis of multiple myeloma. In such cases of secondary gastroenteric involvement by myeloma, therapy options include induction chemotherapy with immunomodulatory agents or proteasome inhibitors and corticosteroids. Stem cell transplantation may improve the remission rates and overall survival.

COMMENTS

Case characteristics

A 60-year-old woman with recent clinical history of multiple myeloma presented for acute worsening of anemia and an episode of melena.

Clinical diagnosis

To address suspected gastrointestinal bleeding, an esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed and revealed multiple micropolyps of duodenal mucosa, which were biopsied for histology.

Differential diagnosis

Adenomatous duodenal polyps; Primary duodenal adenocarcinoma; Secondary duodenal involvement by myeloma; Other neoplasia.

Laboratory diagnosis

Serum protein electrophoresis monoclonal peak of IgG for the underlying disease; Severe worsening of anemia.

Imaging diagnosis

Bone osteolytic lesions for the underlying disease.

Pathological diagnosis

Secondary duodenal localization of plasmablastic myeloma.

Treatment

Proteasome inhibitors and corticosteroids; Stem cell transplantation.

Related reports

Because of the possible morphological overlap, a secondary gastrointestinal localization of high-grade myeloma can be mistakenly diagnosed as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma.

Term explanation

The term “plasmablastic” in myeloma indicates a low degree of tumor cell differentiation, related to a more aggressive biological behavior.

Experiences and lessons

Correlation of the histopathological findings with clinical and medical history is the basis of a correct diagnosis for plasmablastic myeloma with duodenal localization.

Peer-review

The strength of this report lies in the importance of the histopathological study, deeply influenced by the knowledge of the clinical and medical history.