Cholangiocarcinoma and liver transplantation: What we know so far?

Table 5 Upregulated long non-coding RNAs that are reported in cholangiocarcinomas

LncRNA	Possible mechanism	Clinical relevance	Ref.
AFAP1-AS1	(1) Decreasing the expression of c-Myc, Cyclin D1, MMP-2 and MMP-9; and (2) Decreasing the AFAP1 expression and promoting cell stress filament integrity	Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target	Lu et al[136], 2017
CCAT2	-	Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target	Xu et al[137], 2018
HULC	Activating CXCR4 by sponging to miR-372/miR-373 as ceRNA	Potential therapeutic target	Wang et al[138], 2016
ASAP1-IT1	Interacting with hedgehog signaling pathway	Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target	Guo et al[139], 2018
CPS1IT1	Coexpressed with host gene CPS1	Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target	Lu et al[136], 2017
EPIC1	Directly interacting with Mys	-	Li et al[140], 2018
H19	Activating IL-6 by sponging to let-7a/let-7b as ceRNA	Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target	Xu et al[141], 2017
CCAT1	Sponging to miR-152 as ceRNA	Independent prognostic factor; potential therapeutic target	Jiang et al[142], 2017
LINC01296	Modulating MYCN transcription by sponge miR-5095 as ceRNA	Potential therapeutic target	Jiang et al[142], 2017
PCAT1	Enhancing Wnt/β-catenin signaling through miR-122 repression and WNT1 expression	Potential therapeutic target	Zhang et al[143], 2017
SNHG1	Modulating cancer-related gene like CDKN1A by co-operating with chromatin-modifying enzymes as EZH2	Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target	Yu et al[144], 2018
MALAT1	(1) Activating PI3K/Akt pathway; and (2) miR-204-dependent CXCR4 regulation as ceRNA	Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target	Tan et al[145], 2017
PVT1	Binding to epigenetic modification complexes, adjusting the expression of ANGPTL4	Potential therapeutic target	Yang et al[146], 2018
UCA1	(1) Facilitating apoptosis via Bcl-2/caspase-3 pathway; (2) Activating AKT/GSK-3β/CCND1 axis; and (3) Upregulating MMP-9	Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target	Xu et al[147], 2017
SPRY4-IT1	Recruiting EZH2, LSD1 or DNMT1 via sponging to miR-101-3p	Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target	Xu et al[148], 2018
T-UCRs	Downstream of Wnt pathway and sponging to miR-193b	Unfavorable prognostic biomarker; potential therapeutic target	Carotenuto et al[149], 2017

LncRNA: Long non-coding RNAs; ceRNA: competing endogenous RNAs; MMP9: Matrix metallopeptidase 9; EZH2: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; LSD1: lysine-specific demethylase 1; DNMT1: DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1; CCND1: cell cycle proteins, cyclin D1; ANGPTL4: Angiopoietin-like protein 4.