Potential role of micro ribonucleic acids in screening for anal cancer in human papilloma virus and human immunodeficiency virus related malignancies

Table 3 Cellular micro ribonucleic acids deregulated by human Immunodeficiency virus proteins

HIV protein	miRNA target	Effect	Sample type	Biological effect	Ref.
Tat	miR-21, miR-29a, miR-222, miR-1290	+	Tat101-expressing Jurkat cells; Resting PBMCs from healthy donors were transiently transfected with Tat101-expressing vector	Targeted mRNAs of genes involved in apoptosis, T cell migration, and proliferation	[192]
	miR-128a, and miR-3182	-	Tat101-expressing Jurkat cells	----	[192]
	miR-132	+	Tat-transfected astrocytes and neurons, astrocytes from Tat-transgenic mice, and HIV-infected astrocytes	Involved in the direct neurotoxicity of Tat	[193]
	miR-129, miR-135a, miR-181a, miR-495, miR-523, miR-524, miR-539, let-7	-	U-87MG (astrocyte cell line), HEK 293T, and HeLa cells transfected with wild-type Tat	Downregulation of β-catenin activity	[194]
	miR-101	+	BMVECs exposed to Tat C	Decreased the expression of VE-cadherin	[195]
	miR-34a and miR-138	+	Astrocytoma cell line A172 and rat primary astrocytes exposed to Tat	Upregulated NF-κB and promoted activation of astrocytes	[196]
Nef	miR-573 and miR-638	+	Human monocytic U937 cells that stably expressed HIV-1 Nef	Altered several pathways involved in HIV pathogenesis	[197]
	miR16-1, miR-18, miR-19a, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-29b, miR-125b, miR-146a, miR-146b-3p, miR-181a, miR-223, miR-570, miR-610 and miR-624	-	Human monocytic U937 cells that stably expressed HIV-1 Nef	Altered several pathways involved in HIV pathogenesis	[197]
	miR-17, miR-19a, miR-19b, miR-20a, miR26a, miR-28, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-29c, miR-92a, miR-125b, miR-149, miR-150, miR-223, miR-324-5p, miR-378 and miR-382	+	Nef exosomes	Inhibited HIV replication	[197]
Vpr	miR-942-5p	+	PEL cells	Targeted IκBα and activation of NF-κB signalling	[198]
	miR-711	+	PEL cells	Directly targeted Notch1 and reduced levels of IκBα transcript	[198]

“+”: Upregulation; “-”: Downregulation; miRNA: Micro ribonucleic acid; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency virus; HEK: Human embryonic kidney cells; BMVEC: Human brain microvascular endothelial cells; PEL: Primary effusion lymphoma; NF-κB: NF-kappaB inhibitor.