Myocardial perfusion echocardiography and coronary microvascular dysfunction

Figure 2 Pulse inversion harmonic imaging signal processing: Effects on linear and non-linear reflectors. This technique consists of the transmission of a first pulse and a second inverted replica of the first pulse. Any linear target, such as blood in conventional echocardiography, responds equally to positive and negative pressures (A) and reflects back to the transducer equal but opposite echoes, which will be canceled (blood displayed in black in 2-dimensional echocardiography); B: Pulse 1 and pulse 2 excite microbubbles generating fundamental and higher order harmonic responses with different phases that constructively add.