The role of nutrition and nutraceutical supplements in the treatment of hypertension

Table 4 Integrative approach to the treatment of hypertension

Intervention category	Therapeutic intervention	Daily intake
Diet characteristics	DASH I, DASH II-Na+ or premier diet	Diet type
	Sodium restriction	1500 mg
	Potassium	5000 mg
	Potassium/sodium ratio	> 3:1
	Magnesium	1000 mg
	Zinc	50 mg
Macronutrients	Protein total intake from non-animal sources, organic lean or wild animal protein, or coldwater fish	30% of total calories, which 1.5-1.8 g/kg body weight
	Whey protein	30 g
	Soy protein (fermented sources are preferred)	30 g
	Sardine muscle concentrate extract	3 g
	Milk peptides	30-60 mg
	Fat	30% of total calories
	Omega-3 fatty acids	2-3 g
	Omega-6 fatty acids	1 g
	Omega-9 fatty acids	2-4 tablespoons of olive or nut oil or 10-20 olives
	Saturated fatty acids from wild game, bison, or other lean meat	< 10% total calories
	Polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio	< 2.0
	Omega 3 to omega 6 ratio	1.1-1.2
	Synthetic trans fatty acids	None (completely remove from diet)
	Nuts in variety	Ad libidum
	Carbohydrates as primarily complex carbohydrates and fiber	40% of total calories
	Oatmeal or	60 g
	Oatbran or	40 g
	Beta-glucan or	3 g
	Psyllium	7 g
Specific foods	Garlic as fresh cloves or aged kyolic garlic	4 fresh cloves (4 g) or 600 mg aged garlic taken twice daily
	Sea vegetables, specifically dried wakame	3.0-3.5 g
	Lycopene as tomato products, guava, watermelon, apricots, pink grapefruit, papaya or supplements	10-20 mg
	Dark chocolate	100 g
	Pomegranate juice or seeds	8 ounces or one cup
	Sesame	60 mg sesamin or 2.5 g sesame meal
Exercise	Aerobic	20 min daily at 4200 kJ/wk
	Resistance	40 min/d
Weight reduction	Body mass index < 25	Lose 1-2 pounds per week and
	Waist circumference:	increasing the proportion of lean muscle
	< 35 inches for women
	< 40 inches for men
	Total body fat:
	< 22% for women
	< 16% for men
Other lifestyle recommendations	Alcohol restriction: Among the choice of alcohol red wine is preferred due to its vasoactive phytonutrients	< 20 g/d
		Wine < 10 ounces
		Beer < 24 ounces
		Liquor < 2 ounces
	Caffeine restriction or elimination depending on CYP 450 type	< 100 mg/d
	Tobacco and smoking	Stop
Medical considerations	Medications which may increase blood pressure.	Minimize use when possible, such as by using disease-specific nutritional interventions
Supplemental foods and nutrients	Alpha lipoic acid with biotin	100-200 mg twice daily
	Amino acids:
	Arginine	5 g twice daily
	Carnitine	1 to 2 g twice daily
	Taurine	1 to 3 g twice daily
	Chlorogenic acids	150-200 mg
	Coenzyme Q10	100mg once to twice daily
	Grape seed extract	300 mg
	Hawthorne extract	500 mg twice a day
	Melatonin	2.5 mg
	N-acetyl cysteine	500 mg twice a day
	Olive leaf extract (oleuropein)	500 mg twice a day
	Pycnogenol	200 mg
	Quercetin	500 mg twice a day
	Resveratrol (trans)	250 mg
	Vitamin B6	100 mg once to twice daily
	Vitamin C	250-500 mg twice daily
	Vitamin D3	Dose to raise 25-hydroxyvitamin
		D serum level to 60 ng/mL
	Vitamin E as mixed tocopherols	400 IU