Integrative cardiovascular disease therapy: Linoleic acid restriction, enhanced external counterpulsation, and emerging nanotherapies

Figure 1 Comparative matrix of contemporary cardiovascular disease management modalities. A side-by-side appraisal shows that percutaneous coronary interventions and statins yield 30% and 25%-35% reductions in their respective endpoints but carry high procedural costs or leave a 3.4% annual residual event rate. Enhanced external counter-pulsation relieves 70%-80% of anginal symptoms yet requires 35 outpatient sessions. By contrast, sustained dietary linoleic acid reduction lowers oxidized low-density lipoprotein formation and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein by approximately 15% at minimal cost, highlighting its favorable risk-benefit and economic profile within an integrative treatment framework. PCI: Percutaneous coronary interventions; EECP: Enhanced external counter pulsation; LA: Linoleic acid; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; oxLDL: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein; STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular events; hsCRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; FOURIER: Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk.