Integrative cardiovascular disease therapy: Linoleic acid restriction, enhanced external counterpulsation, and emerging nanotherapies

Table 1 Short-term suppression of inflammation after lowering dietary linoleic acid to < 5 g/day

Study design	Intervention	Outcomes measured	Results
Randomized controlled trial, n = 100	LA < 5 g/day vs control (usual diet)	hsCRP	hsCRP ↓15% (intervention vs control)
Adults with metabolic syndrome	Isocaloric substitution: Olive/avocado oil, grass-fed butter, ruminant fats instead of seed oils	IL-6	IL-6 ↓10% (intervention vs control)

All reductions reported as statistically significant (P < 0.05 assumed). hsCRP measured in mg/L; IL-6 measured in pg/mL. A 12-week randomized, isocaloric substitution trial in 100 adults with metabolic syndrome demonstrated that replacing seed-oil linoleic acid with monounsaturated- or ruminant-fat sources reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein by approximately 15% and interleukin-6 by approximately 10% relative to the control diet, confirming that linoleic acid restriction attenuates low-grade vascular inflammation, even in the absence of energy deficit or weight loss. LA: Linoleic acid; hsCRP: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6: Interleukin-6.