Impact of gut microbiome on atrial fibrillation: Mechanistic insights and future directions in individualized medicine

Table 1 Recently published evidence supporting the role of gut microbiome targeted therapy in atrial fibrillation management

Ref.	Study year	Category	Index	Key findings
Ren et al[57]	2024	Observational study	57	LPS levels associated with NOAF in ST-elevation MI patients
Xu et al[59]	2024	Observational study	59	Serum LPS linked to NOAF in cancer patients
Sinha et al[71]	2024	In vivo and in vitro	71	Gut microbiome alters tryptophan metabolism
Fang et al[54]	2024	Humans	54	SCFA-dependent G-protein-coupled receptor 43/Nod-like receptor protein 3 score is associated with AF risk
Liu et al[53]	2024	Animal model	53	Relationship between gut dysbiosis, aging, and AF risk. Use of SCFA and fecal microbiota transplant to mitigate damage
Shi et al[79]	2025	Animal model	126	Lactobacillus gasseri prevents ibrutinib-associated AF
Wang et al[78]	2025	Animal model	78	Phenylacetylglutamine is associated with increased AF risk in post-MI mice

AF: Atrial fibrillation; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides; MI: Myocardial infarction; NOAF: New-onset atrial fibrillation; SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids.