Beyond initial recovery: Heart failure with transient vs sustained improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included patients

Variable	Transient improvement (n = 39)	Sustained improvement (n = 136)	P value
Age (years), mean ± SD	58.15 ± 11.69	54.51 ± 13.52	0.13
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	28.36 ± 5.67	30.49 ± 7.20	0.09
Male	37 (94.9)	101 (74.3)	0.005
Female	2 (5.1)	35 (25.7)	-
HF etiology
Ischemic	32 (82.1)	68 (50.4)	0.002
Dilated	5 (12.8)	57 (42.2)
Others	2 (5.1)	10 (7.4)
Duration of HF diagnosis, mean ± SD	7.05 ± 3.81	5.79 ± 4.0	0.08
Comorbidities
Dyslipidemia	24 (61.5)	54 (39.7)	0.03
Hypertension	34 (87.2)	93 (68.4)	0.03
Diabetes	28 (71.8)	90 (66.2)	0.57
Atrial fibrillation	8 (20.5)	25 (18.4)	0.82
Ventricular arrhythmia	5 (12.8)	18 (13.2)	1.00
CVA/TIA	5 (12.8)	16 (11.8)	0.79
PAD	2 (5.1)	8 (5.9)	1.00
Renal impairment	17 (43.6)	35 (25.7)	0.05
Liver disease	2 (5.1)	5 (3.7)	0.65
Anemia	10 (25.6)	38 (27.9)	0.84
Sleep apnea	0 (0)	9 (6.6)	0.21
Chronic lung disease	6 (15.4)	21 (15.4)	1.00
Cancer	0 (0)	7 (5.1)	0.35
Dementia	2 (5.1)	3 (2.2)	0.31
Depression	0 (0)	6 (4.4)	0.34
Hypothyroidism	2 (5.1)	11 (8.1)	0.74
Hyperthyroidism	0 (0)	4 (2.9)	0.58

Data are presented as n (%). BMI: Body mass index; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident; HF: Heart failure; PAD: Peripheral artery disease; SD: Standard deviation; TIA: Transient ischemic attack.