Sympathetic nervous system activation and heart failure: Current state of evidence and the pathophysiology in the light of novel biomarkers

doi:10.4330/wjc.v12.i8.373

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World Journal of Cardiology

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1949-8462

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Cardiol. Aug 26, 2020; 12(8): 373-408
Published online Aug 26, 2020. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v12.i8.373

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Figure 4 Physiological and pathophysiological implications of endothelin-1 in circulation and on various cell types and adrenergic neurons. ECE: Endothelin converting ezyme; ET-1: Endothelin-1; NE: Norepinephrine; NO: Nitric oxide; PGI₂: Prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2); VSMCs: Vascular smooth muscle cells.

Citation: Borovac JA, D'Amario D, Bozic J, Glavas D. Sympathetic nervous system activation and heart failure: Current state of evidence and the pathophysiology in the light of novel biomarkers. World J Cardiol 2020; 12(8): 373-408
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v12/i8/373.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v12.i8.373