Glucagon-like peptide 1 in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of clinical obesity

Figure 6 Central and peripheral effects of glucagon-like peptide 1. Ex vivo and in vivo studies in rodents, and observational and interventional studies in man have allowed the characterization of numerous central and peripheral effects of GLP-1. Peripheral effects of GLP-1 may be classed broadly as pancreatic or extra-pancreatic. Pancreatic effects of GLP-1 act to promote insulin secretion (incretin effect). Extra-pancreatic effects of GLP-1 include: (1) regulation of energy metabolism and nutrient storage (liver, muscle and fat); (2) efficient nutrient handling (stomach and GIT); and (3) others: Cardiovascular repair, blood pressure control, diuresis[86]. VLDL: Very low-density lipoproteins; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; GIT: Gastrointestinal tract; CNS: Central nervous system.