Robotic rectal surgery: State of the art

Table 5 Complications according to Clavien Dindo classification

Ref.	Pts	Mesorectum	Complicated pts (%)	1 (%)	2 (%)	3 (%)		4 (%)	5 (%)
						3a	3b
Park et al[8]	133	RME	26 (19.5)	11 (42.3)	5 (19.2)	9 (34.6)		1 (3.8)
	84	LME	19 (22.6)	7 (36.8)	4 (21)	6 (31.6)		2 (10.5)
Yoo et al[10]	44	RME	17 (38.6)	13 (76.5)		4 (23.5)
	26	LME	7 (26.9)	5 (71.4)		2 (28.5)
Koh et al[11]	19	RME	3 (15.7)	2 (66.7)			1 (33.3)
	19	LME	7 (36.8)	4 (57)			3 (43)
Melich et al[12]	92	RME	17 (18.4)	11 (64.7)			6 (35.3)
	106	LME	18 (17)	13 (72.2)			5 (27.8)
Barnajian et al[13]	20	RME	8 (40)		3	3 (37.5)	2 (25)
	20	LME	4 (10)	2		1	1
	20	OME	8 (40)		5		2	1 (33.3)
Ielpo et al[14]	56	RME	15 (26.8)	11 (73.3)		4 (26.7)
	87	LME	20 (23)	15 (75)		5 (25)
Ghezzi et al[16]	65	RME	27 (41.5)	22 (81.5)		5 (18.5)
	109	OME	45 (41.3)	38 (84.5)		7 (15.5)
Kuo et al[17]	36	RME	11 (30.5)	4 (36.3)		3 (27.2)	4 (36.3)
	28	LME	14 (50)	11 (78.6)		1 (7)	2 (14.2)
Fernandez et al[20]	13	RME					2
	59	LME
Erguner et al[21]	27	RME	3 (11.1)	2 (66.7)			1 (33.3)
	37	LME	8 (21.6)	5 (62.5)			3 (37.5)
D’Annibale et al[22]	50	RME	5 (10)	5 (100)
	50	LME	10 (20)	7 (70)			3 (30)
Kang et al[23]	165	RME	34 (20.6)	16 (47.1)		3 (8.8)
	165	LME	46 (27.9)	20 (43.5)		1 (2.2)
	165	OME	41 (24.8)	30 (73.2)		2 (4.9)
Park et al[24]	40	RME	6 (15)	4 (66.7)		2 (33.3)
	40	LME	5 (12.5)	4 (80)		1 (20)
Park et al[30]	52	RME	10 (19.2)	6 (60)		4 (40)
	123	LME	15 (12.2)	9 (60)		6 (40)
	88	OME	18 (20.5)	9 (50)		9 (50)
Baik et al[32]	18	RME	4 (22.2)	3 (75)	1 (25)
	18	LME	1 (5.5)		1 (100)
Pigazzi et al[33]	6	RME	1 (16.6)		1 (100)
	6	LME	1 (16.6)			1 (100)
Parisi et al[34]	40	RME	4 (10)	1 (25)	1 (25)		2 (50)
Shiomi et al[36]	113	RME	23 (20.3)	10 (43.5)	10 (43.5)	1 (4.3)	2 (8.7)
Kim et al[37]	200	RME				16 (59.2)
Stănciulea et al[38]	100	RME	18 (18)		10 (55.5)	2 (5.5)	6 (38.9)
Zawadzki et al[39]	77	RME			2	3
Sng et al[40]	197	RME	74 (37)	58 (78.3)	5 (6.8)	9 (12.1)	1 (1.3)	1 (1.3)
Du et al[41]	22 (4.5)	RME	1 (4.5)	1 (100)	0
Alimoglu et al[42]	7	RME	2 (28.5)	2 (100)
Kang et al[45]	389	RME	74 (19)	34 (45.9)	4 (5.4)	36 (48.6)
deSouza et al[46]	44	RME	19 (43)	15 (79)	1 (5.2)	1 (5.2)	1 (5.2)	1 (5.2)
Choi et al[48]	50	RME	9 (18)		4 (44.4)	5 (55.5)
Hellan et al[50]	39	RME	15 (38.4)	11 (73.3)	4 (26.7)

RME: Robotic mesorectal excision; LME: Laparoscopic mesorectal excision; OME: Open mesorectal excision.