Risk prediction of acute variceal bleeding in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing systemic therapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors

Figure 5 Decision curve analysis of the model prediction for acute variceal bleeding. A: Training cohort; B: Validation cohort. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was performed to evaluate clinical utility by quantifying net benefit across threshold probabilities (0%-100%). The 'None' strategy (all patients are classified as negative) and 'All' strategy (all patients are classified as positive) served as references. The DCA demonstrated clinical utility across threshold probabilities 0%-80%, with net benefit superiority over 'treat none' strategy (reference line at y = 0). The DCA results confirm the model's clinical utility, with superior net benefit compared to alternative strategies.