Risk prediction of acute variceal bleeding in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing systemic therapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors

Table 2 Comparison between the bleeding and non-bleeding groups in the training cohort, n (%)

Clinical characteristics	Non-bleeding group (n = 146)	Bleeding group (n = 38)	t/Z/χ2	P value
Sex			0.001	0.981
Female	31 (21.2)	8 (21.1)
Male	115 (78.8)	30 (78.9)
Age (years)			0.013	0.910
< 60	60 (41.1)	16 (42.1)
≥ 60	86 (58.9)	22 (57.9)
Etiology			4.141	0.233
Hepatitis B	110 (75.3)	33 (86.6)
Hepatitis C	15 (10.3)	3 (7.9)
Alcoholic liver disease	13 (8.9)	0 (0.0)
Other	8 (5.5)	2 (5.3)
Immunotherapy drugs			3.268	0.199
Camrelizumab	101 (69.2)	24 (63.2)
Tislelizumab	33 (22.6)	7 (18.4)
Other	12 (8.2)	7 (18.4)
Combined antivascular drugs			5.490	0.062
TKIs	90 (61.6)	16 (42.1)
Bevacizumab	11 (7.5)	6 (15.8)
None	45 (30.8)	16 (42.1)
Combined local treatment			0.917	0.338
Without	35 (24.0)	12 (31.6)
With	111 (76.0)	26 (68.4)
TBIL (µmol/L)			3.657	0.056
< 20	83 (56.8)	15 (39.5)
≥ 20	63 (43.2)	23 (60.5)
ALB (g/L)			1.403	0.236
≥ 35	103 (70.5)	23 (60.5)
< 35	43 (29.5)	15 (39.5)
LDH (µ/L)			3.344	0.067
< 250	100 (68.5)	20 (52.6)
≥ 250	46 (31.5)	18 (47.4)
PLT (× 109)			3.889	0.049
< 100	80 (54.8)	14 (36.8)
≥ 100	66 (45.2)	24 (63.2)
AFP (ng/mL)			4.748	0.029
< 400	104 (71.2)	20 (52.6)
≥ 400	42 (28.8)	18 (47.4)
Number of tumours, (%)			0.020	0.887
Solitary tumor	44 (30.1)	11 (28.9)
Multiple tumors	102 (69.9)	27 (71.1)
Maximum tumour diameter (cm)			10.270	0.001
< 5	99 (67.8)	15 (39.5)
≥ 5	47 (32.2)	23 (60.5)
Combined portal vein tumor thrombosis	46 (31.5)	19 (50.0)	4.514	0.034
Combined distant metastases	48 (32.9)	9 (23.7)	1.192	0.275
BCLC staging			2.080	0.353
A	27 (18.5)	5 (13.2)
B	42 (28.8)	8 (21.1)
C	77 (52.7)	25 (65.8)
Combined ascites	28 (19.2)	15 (39.5)	6.935	0.008
History of pre-treatment bleeding	10 (6.8)	19 (50.0)	42.286	< 0.001
History of endoscopy treatment	21 (14.4)	18 (47.4)	19.640	< 0.001
Child-Pugh grade			0.016	0.900
A	119 (81.5)	30 (78.9)
B	27 (18.5)	8 (21.1)
ALBI grade			8.218	0.004
Grade 1	64 (43.8)	7 (18.4)
Grades 2 and 3	82 (56.2)	31 (81.6)
FIB-4 grade			10.745	0.001
< 4.57	82 (56.2)	10 (26.3)
≥ 4.57	64 (43.8)	28 (73.7)
PNI grade			13.804	0.001
≥ 45	62 (42.5)	4 (10.5)
40-44.9	37 (25.3)	17 (44.7)
< 40	47 (32.2)	17 (44.7)

TBIL: Total bilirubin; ALB: Albumin; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; PLT: Platelet count; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; ALBI: Albumin-bilirubin; FIB-4: Fibrosis-4 index; PNI: Prognostic nutritional index.