Risk prediction of acute variceal bleeding in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing systemic therapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors

Table 1 Statistics on baseline characteristics of the study population, n (%)

Clinical characteristics	Training cohort (n = 184)	Validation cohort (n = 102)	Z/χ2	P value
Sex			0.208	0.648
Female	39 (21.2)	24 (23.5)
Male	145 (78.8)	78 (76.5)
Age (years)			0.001	0.983
< 60	76 (41.3)	42 (41.2)
≥ 60	108 (58.7)	60 (58.8)
Etiology			0.356	0.949
Hepatitis B	143 (77.7)	78 (76.5)
Hepatitis C	18 (9.8)	9 (8.8)
Alcoholic liver disease	13 (7.1)	8 (7.8)
Other	10 (5.4)	7 (6.9)
BCLC staging			1.526	0.466
A	32 (17.4)	22 (21.6)
B	50 (27.2)	31 (30.4)
C	102 (55.4)	49 (48.0)
Immunotherapy drugs			2.028	0.363
Camrelizumab	125 (67.9)	76 (74.5)
Tislelizumab	40 (21.7)	20 (19.6)
Other	19 (10.3)	6 (5.9)
Combined antivascular drugs			1.000	0.607
TKIs	106 (57.6)	61 (59.8)
Bevacizumab	17 (9.2)	6 (5.9)
None	61 (33.2)	35 (34.3)
Bleeding events			0.044	0.833
Without	146 (79.3)	82 (80.4)
With	38 (20.7)	20 (19.6)
Bleeding time	3.00 (1.00,10.00)	4.00 (2.00,11.00)	-0.579	0.563

BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; TKIs: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors.