Different titration protocols in pain management after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer patients

Table 3 Comparison of postoperative pain management at 24 hours, %

Outcome measure	12-hour group	24-hour group	P value
Total analgesic consumption, mg morphine equivalents	30	42	< 0.001
Adverse events
Postoperative nausea and vomiting	15	30	0.02
Respiratory depression	2	8	0.04
Constipation	18.2	32.4	0.016
Urinary retention	11.5	22.1	0.027
Hemodynamic stability
Hypotension requiring intervention	7.7	16.2	0.031
Bradycardia events	3.8	10.3	0.042
Sedation score, mean, 4-point scale	1.3	2.1	0.008
Immune function and inflammatory response
Postoperative cortisol levels, nmol/L	352 ± 87	425 ± 102	0.039
Interleukin-6 inflammatory response, pg/mL	42.3 ± 12.5	57.8 ± 15.4	0.028
Infectious outcomes
Surgical site infections	5.8	13.2	0.029
Overall infectious complications	9.6	19.1	0.018