Different titration protocols in pain management after radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer patients

Table 1 Demographic and baseline characteristics of study participants, n (%)

Characteristic	12-hour titration regimen, n = 52	24-hour titration regimen, n = 68	P value
Age, years	58.3 ± 5.2	58.5 ± 5.4	0.84
Gender, male/female	33/27	32/28	0.85
BMI, kg/m²	24.7 ± 3.1	24.7 ± 3.0	0.92
Hypertension	19 (32)	20 (33)	0.89
Diabetes mellitus	11 (18)	10 (17)	0.81
Cardiovascular disease	8 (13)	9 (15)	0.74
Chronic pulmonary disease	7 (12)	8 (13)	0.83
Smoking history	23 (38)	24 (40)	0.82
Family history of CRC	13 (22)	14 (23)	0.88
Previous cancer history	7 (12)	8 (13)	0.87
Nutritional risk screening 2002	15 (16)	20 (18)	0.68
Preoperative anemia	5 (5)	8 (7)	0.62
Frailty assessment, positive	4 (4)	7 (6)	0.71
Preoperative anxiety, SAS score	45.2 ± 6.3	47.1 ± 7.0	0.23
Preoperative depression, SDS score	42.5 ± 5.8	44.3 ± 6.5	0.31
Preoperative hemoglobin, g/L	135 ± 10	134 ± 11	0.78

CRC: Colorectal cancer; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale.