Challenges and proposed solutions to the adoption of cell free DNA in screening, detecting and prognosticating colorectal cancer

Table 2 Liquid biopsy kits analyzing epigenetic changes

Name	Company	cfDNA source	Function	Detection of CRC sensitivity	Main limitation	Price per kit (dollar)
Cologuard®	EXACT Sciences Corporation (Madison, Wisconsin, United States)	Stool	Detection of CRC	92.3%	Poor compliance rate due to the inconvenience of collecting stool sample	649
Epi proColon®	Epigenomics AG (Berlin, Germany)	Plasma	Detection of CRC	74.0%	Large amount of blood plasma (> 3.5 mL) is required	192
ColoProbe	NIL	Plasma	Detection of CRC	82.7%	Performance could exhibit variability since age was shown to be a confounding factor	NIL
ColonSecure	NIL	Plasma	Detection of CRC	85.3%	Performance could exhibit variability since age was shown to be a confounding factor	NIL
Guardant Reveal™	Guardant Health (Palo Alto, California, United States)	Plasma	Surveillance of MRD	91.0%	High false-negative and high false-positive rates	5000

cfDNA: Cell free DNA; CRC: Colorectal cancer; MRD: Minimal disease recurrence.