Preoperative model for predicting early recurrence in hepatocellular carcinoma patients using radiomics and deep learning: A multicenter study

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients included in three sets, n (%)

	Training set (n = 155)	Internal validation set (n = 67)	External validation set (n = 66)	P value
Sex				0.386
Female	30 (19.4)	13 (19.4)	18 (27.3)
Male	125 (80.6)	54 (80.6)	48 (72.7)
Age (years)	57.9 ± 11.7	58.9 ± 11.3	61.8 ± 9.07	0.06
≤ 50	38 (24.5)	20 (29.9)	12 (18.2)	0.290
> 50	117 (75.5)	47 (70.1)	54 (81.8)
History of hepatitis				0.110
Negative	57 (36.8)	30 (44.8)	18 (27.3)
Positive	98 (63.2)	37 (55.2)	48 (72.7)
Cirrhosis				0.424
Negative	28 (18.1)	17 (25.4)	12 (18.2)
Positive	127 (81.9)	50 (74.6)	54 (81.8)
Platelets (× 109/L)				0.236
> 100	62 (40.0)	35 (52.2)	28 (42.4)
≤ 100	93 (60.0)	32 (47.8)	38 (57.6)
Alanine transferase (U/L)				0.806
≤ 50	115 (74.2)	47 (70.1)	49 (74.2)
> 50	40 (25.8)	20 (29.9)	17 (25.8)
Aspartate transferase (U/L)				0.784
> 40	68 (43.9)	27 (40.3)	26 (39.4)
≤ 40	87 (56.1)	40 (59.7)	40 (60.6)
Gammaglutamyl transferase (U/L)				0.606
≤ 60	85 (54.8)	38 (56.7)	41 (62.1)
> 60	70 (45.2)	29 (43.3)	25 (37.9)
Total bilirubin (umol/L)				0.07
≤ 21	88 (56.8)	47 (70.1)	46 (69.7)
> 21	67 (43.2)	20 (29.9)	20 (30.3)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (second)				0.207
< 42	130 (83.9)	62 (92.5)	58 (87.9)
≥ 42	25 (16.1)	5 (7.46)	8 (12.1)
Fibrinogen (g/L)				0.075
≥ 2	90 (58.1)	42 (62.7)	49 (74.2)
< 2	65 (41.9)	25 (37.3)	17 (25.8)
International normalized ratio				0.265
≤ 1.2	101 (65.2)	51 (76.1)	44 (66.7)
> 1.2	54 (34.8)	16 (23.9)	22 (33.3)
Hepatitis B surface antigen				0.313
Negative	28 (18.1)	13 (19.4)	7 (10.6)
Positive	127 (81.9)	54 (80.6)	59 (89.4)
Alpha fetoprotein (ng/mL)				0.374
≤ 400	131 (84.5)	53 (79.1)	58 (87.9)
> 400	24 (15.5)	14 (20.9)	8 (12.1)
Size (cm)	2.7 ± 1.05	2.70 ± 1.10	2.57 ± 0.90	0.586
Early recurrence				0.642
No	93 (60.0)	41 (61.2)	44 (66.7)
Yes	62 (40.0)	26 (38.8)	22 (33.3)