Development and validation of machine learning nomograms for predicting survival in stage IV pancreatic cancer: A retrospective study

doi:10.4251/wjgo.v17.i5.102459

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology

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1948-5204

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

World J Gastrointest Oncol. May 15, 2025; 17(5): 102459
Published online May 15, 2025. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v17.i5.102459

Table 1 Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of patients in the training and validation cohorts, n (%)

Variables	Total cohort (n = 1662)	Training cohort (n = 1163)	Validation cohort (n = 499)	P value
Age (yeas)				0.281
< 60	445 (26.77)	313 (26.91)	132 (26.45)
60-75	838 (50.42)	597 (51.33)	241 (48.30)
> 75	379 (22.80)	253 (21.75)	126 (25.25)
Sex				0.062
Female	803 (48.32)	544 (46.78)	259 (51.90)
Male	859 (51.68)	619 (53.22)	240 (48.10)
Race				0.191
White	1326 (79.78)	937 (80.57)	389 (77.96)
Black	172 (10.35)	110 (9.46)	62 (12.42)
Other	164 (9.87)	116 (9.97)	48 (9.62)
Marital status				0.935
Married	895 (53.85)	630 (54.17)	265 (53.11)
Unmarried	273 (16.43)	189 (16.25)	84 (16.83)
Divorced	429 (25.81)	297 (25.54)	132 (26.45)
Unknown	65 (3.91)	47 (4.04)	18 (3.61)
Tumor location				0.806
Head	621 (37.36)	426 (36.63)	195 (39.08)
Body	258 (15.52)	182 (15.65)	76 (15.23)
Tail	334 (20.10)	235 (20.21)	99 (19.84)
Other	449 (27.02)	320 (27.52)	129 (25.85)
T stage				0.174
T1/T2	411 (24.73)	303 (26.05)	108 (21.64)
T3	575 (34.60)	386 (33.19)	189 (37.88)
T4	337 (20.28)	236 (20.29)	101 (20.24)
TX	339 (20.40)	238 (20.46)	101 (20.24)
N stage				0.833
N0	781 (46.99)	547 (47.03)	234 (46.89)
N1	599 (36.04)	415 (35.68)	184 (36.87)
NX	282 (16.97)	201 (17.28)	81 (16.23)
Grade				0.701
Grade I/II	296 (17.81)	204 (17.54)	92 (18.44)
Grade III/IV	292 (17.57)	200 (17.20)	92 (18.44)
Unknown	1074 (64.62)	759 (65.26)	315 (63.13)
Surgery				0.672
No	1482 (89.17)	1040 (89.42)	442 (88.58)
Yes	180 (10.83)	123 (10.58)	57 (11.42)
Chemotherapy				0.706
No	686 (41.28)	484 (41.62)	202 (40.48)
Yes	976 (58.72)	679 (58.38)	297 (59.52)
Radiotherapy				0.822
No	1557 (93.68)	1088 (93.55)	469 (93.99)
Yes	105 (6.32)	75 (6.45)	30 (6.01)
Bone metastasis				0.172
No	1549 (93.20)	1077 (92.61)	472 (94.59)
Yes	113 (6.80)	86 (7.39)	27 (5.41)
Liver metastasis				0.384
No	615 (37.00)	422 (36.29)	193 (38.68)
Yes	1047 (63.00)	741 (63.71)	306 (61.32)
Lung metastasis				0.462
No	1278 (76.90)	888 (76.35)	390 (78.16)
Yes	384 (23.10)	275 (23.65)	109 (21.84)

Citation: Huang K, Chen Z, Yuan XZ, He YS, Lan X, Du CY. Development and validation of machine learning nomograms for predicting survival in stage IV pancreatic cancer: A retrospective study. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2025; 17(5): 102459
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5204/full/v17/i5/102459.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v17.i5.102459