Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Gastrointest Oncol. May 15, 2021; 13(5): 312-331
Published online May 15, 2021. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i5.312
Table 2 Techniques used in the measurement of tissue oxygenation and their associated advantages and disadvantages[10,181-183]
Technique
Advantages
Disadvantages
Needle ElectrodesInstrumental in establishing the link between hypoxia and treatment failureProne to sampling error due to poor spatial resolution
Real time direct measurementInvasive and requires direct access to tumours
Exogenous MarkersMore sensitive than electrodes at lower oxygen levelsRequires biopsy and immunohistochemistry
Reproducible
Precise spatial resolution
Endogenous MarkersPrecise spatial resolutionRequires biopsy and immunohistochemistry
Can be serological such as Osteopontin
Can be tissue based such as HIFs or carbonic anhydrase IX
RadiologicalNon-invasiveExpensive
ReproducibleRadiation exposure
Precise spatial resolutionRelatively less well established