Endoscopic management for congenital esophageal stenosis: A systematic review

Table 3 Incidence rate of esophageal atresia and/or tracheoesophageal fistula among patients with congenital esophageal stenosis

Ref.	Cases	Incidence rate	EA	EA + TEF	TEF
Bluestone et al[2] (1969)	0/24	0.0%	0	0	0
Nishina et al[77] (1981)	4/81	4.9%	0	3	1
Dominguez et al[78] (1985)	5/34	14.7%	0	5	0
Nihoul-Fékété et al[1] (1987)	2/20	10.0%	0	1	1
Yeung et al[79] (1992)	6/8	75.0%	1	4	1
Vasudevan et al[82] (2002)	4/6	66.7%	1	2	1
Takamizawa et al[8] (2002)	13/36	36.1%	0	13	0
Amae et al[83] (2003)	4/14	28.6%	0	4	0
Romeo et al[85] (2011)	15/47	31.9%	0	15	0
Michaud et al[9] (2013)	29/61	47.5%	0	29	0
Total	82/331	24.8%	2 (2.4%)	76 (92.7%)	4 (4.9%)

EA: Esophageal atresia; TEF: Tracheoesophageal fistula.