Chronic hepatitis B: Advances in treatment

Table 4 European Association for the Study of the Liver 2012 Guidelines recommendations in resistant patients[6]

Resistance	Action
LAM resistance	Switch to TDF (add ADV if TDF not available)
ADV resistance	If patient was NA naive before ADV: switch to ETV or TDF;
	ETV may be preferred in such patients with high viremia
	If patient had prior LAM resistance: switch to TDF and add a nucleoside analogue
LdT resistance	Switch to or add TDF (add ADV if TDF not available)
ETV resistance	Switch to or add TDF (add ADV if TDF not available)
TDF resistance	TDF resistance not detected to date: add a nucleoside analogue
	Switch to ETV if patient had no prior LAM resistance or add ETV in patients with LAM resistance

LAM: Lamivudine; ADV: Adefovir dipivoxil; TDF: Tenofovir; LdT: Telbivudine; ETV: Entecavir.