Correlation between gynecomastia and endocrine regulation in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study

Table 4 General characteristics of study participants grouped by level of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, n (%)

	Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease			P value
	Mild (n = 352)	Moderate (n = 457)	Severe (n = 188)
Demographic and body measurements
Age (years) (mean ± SD)	47.59 ± 11.007	51.25 ± 11.200	52.49 ± 10.635	< 0.001
Height (m) (mean ± SD)	1.73 ± 0.06	1.72 ± 0.06	1.72 ± 0.06	0.084
Weight (kg) [M (P25, P75)]	77.5 (71.8, 83.9)	77.0 (71.1, 84.7)	77.7 (71.4, 84.7)	0.750
Waist circumference (cm) [M (P25, P75)]	89.8 (85.1, 93.2)	89.6 (85.4, 94.0)	91.8 (85.6, 102.2)	0.013
Hip circumference (cm) [M (P25, P75)]	103.3 (98.9, 106.7)	102.6 (98.0, 106.6)	101.7 (97.0, 107.0)	0.369
Body mass index (kg/m2) [M (P25, P75)]	25.89 (24.47, 27.62)	26.13 (24.3, 27.99)	26.50 (24.5, 28.78)	0.041
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.87 (0.85, 0.89)	0.87 (0.86, 0.89)	0.90 (0.86, 0.93)	< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) [M (P25, P75)]	129 (121, 136)	128 (121, 136)	132 (127, 142)	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) [M (P25, P75)]	78 (71, 84)	77 (71, 84)	80 (75, 86)	< 0.001
Biochemical parameters
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) [M (P25, P75)]	28 (22, 40)	33 (23, 48)	42 (29, 61)	< 0.001
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) [M (P25, P75)]	29 (22, 36)	30 (23, 42)	38 (29, 49)	< 0.001
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (U/L) [M (P25, P75)]	34 (24, 50)	36 (25, 55)	44 (30, 63)	< 0.001
Creatinine (μmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	78.6 (72.0, 85.9)	78.8 (70.6, 87.9)	77.9 (71.3, 85.4)	0.983
Uric acid (μmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	389 (343, 432)	400 (357, 449)	410 (372, 460)	< 0.001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	5.32 (4.95, 5.98)	5.39 (4.98, 5.99)	5.58 (5.02, 6.33)	0.029
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	5.16 (4.38, 6.02)	5.40 (4.47, 6.06)	5.27 (4.57, 6.32)	0.290
Triglycerides (mmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	1.73 (1.31, 3.01)	2.08 (1.41, 3.18)	2.22 (1.52, 3.61)	0.002
Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	2.88 (2.45, 3.32)	2.99 (2.52, 3.31)	3.14 (2.75, 3.70)	< 0.001
High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	1.22 (1.06, 1.36)	1.22 (1.08, 1.33)	1.15 (1.04, 1.31)	0.018
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	17.4 (14.5, 20.3)	17.9 (15.0, 21.3)	18.9 (16.7, 21.5)	0.002
Total protein (g/L) [M (P25, P75)]	72.4 (70.2, 74.7)	71.9 (69.5, 73.9)	71.5 (69.5, 74.0)	0.002
Hormonal parameters
Estradiol (pmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	79.52 ± 20.10	96.02 ± 19.40	128.38 ± 20.37	< 0.001
Testosterone (nmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	16.46 (12.99, 20.47)	12.81 (9.10, 16.90)	8.66 (5.64, 12.45)	< 0.001
Estrogen to androgen ratio	4.74 (3.31, 6.93)	7.40 (5.27, 11.26)	14.20 (9.87, 24.19)	< 0.001
Clinical and lifestyle factors
Gynecomastia				< 0.001
No	255 (72.4)	304 (66.5)	79 (42)
Yes	97 (27.6)	153 (33.5)	109 (58)
Hypertension				0.099
No	279 (79.3)	355 (77.7)	134 (71.3)
Yes	73 (20.7)	102 (22.3)	54 (28.7)
Diabetes mellitus				0.016
No	268 (76.1)	348 (76.1)	124 (66)
Yes	84 (23.9)	109 (23.9)	64 (34)
Sporting				0.017
No	185 (52.6)	249 (54.5)	122 (64.9)
Yes	167 (47.4)	208 (45.5)	66 (35.1)
Smoking				0.949
No	175 (49.7)	223 (51)	91 (48.4)
Yes	177 (50.3)	234 (49)	97 (51.6)
Time				0.004
1-5 years	85 (24.1)	113(24.7)	37 (19.7)
5-10 years	115 (32.7)	140 (30.6)	49 (26.1)
10-20 years	102 (29)	151 (33)	56 (29.8)
≥ 20 years	50 (14.2)	53 (11.6)	46 (24.4)