Correlation between gynecomastia and endocrine regulation in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study

Table 2 Factors influencing gynecomastia in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

	P value	Odds ratio	95%CI
Clinical and lifestyle factors
Level
Mild
Moderate	0.040	1.523	1.176-1.793
Severe	< 0.001	3.627	2.500-5.263
Hypertension
No
Yes	< 0.001	3.166	2.336-4.291
Diabetes mellitus
No
Yes	< 0.001	3.902	2.900-5.291
Sporting
No
Yes	< 0.001	0.279	0.210-0.371
Smoking
No
Yes	< 0.001	1.696	1.305-2.204
Time
1-5 years
5-10 years	0.355	1.212	0.807-1.820
10-20 years	< 0.001	3.491	2.378-5.124
≥ 20 years	< 0.001	4.782	3.049-7.498
Demographic and body measurements
Age	< 0.001	1.056	1.042-1.070
Weight	< 0.001	1.025	1.012-1.037
Body mass index	< 0.001	1.158	1.106-1.213
Waist circumference	0.003	1.020	1.007-1.033
Hip circumference	0.513	0.999	0.995-1.003
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.009	18.955	2.119-169.572
Systolic blood pressure	< 0.001	1.048	1.036-1.059
diastolic blood pressure	< 0.001	1.049	1.034-1.063
Biochemical parameters
Alanine aminotransferase	< 0.001	1.084	1.072-1.096
Aspartate aminotransferase	< 0.001	1.119	1.102-1.136
Gamma-glutamyltransferase	< 0.001	1.054	1.045-1.062
Creatinine	0.753	1.002	0.991-1.012
Uric acid	< 0.001	1.010	1.008-1.012
Fasting blood glucose	< 0.001	1.268	1.151-1.398
Total cholesterol	< 0.001	1.987	1.755-2.250
Triglycerides	< 0.001	1.709	1.545-1.891
Low-density lipoprotein	< 0.001	2.356	1.911-2.904
High-density lipoprotein	< 0.001	0.062	0.031-0.126
Total bilirubin	0.053	1.023	1.000-1.046
Total protein	0.446	0.987	0.954-1.021
Hormonal parameters
Estradiol	< 0.001	1.063	1.054-1.072
Testosterone	< 0.001	0.851	0.828-0.875
Estrogen to androgen ratio	< 0.001	1.173	1.142-1.205