Correlation between gynecomastia and endocrine regulation in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population, n (%)

	Non-GYN (n = 638)	GYN (n = 359)	P value
Demographic and body measurements
Age (years) (mean ± SD)	47.89 ± 9.92	54.± 9.71	< 0.001
Height (m) (mean ± SD)	1.73 ± 0.06	1.72 ± 0.06	0.121
Weight (kg) [M (P25, P75)]	76.50 (71.00, 84.53)	79.50 (72.60, 84.80)	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2) [M (P25, P75)]	25.74 (24.16, 27.29)	26.82 (24.96, 29.00)	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm) [M (P25, P75)]	89.70 (85.08, 93.40)	90.20 (85.60, 97.70)	0.020
Hip circumference (cm) [M (P25, P75)]	102.35 (97.00, 106.63)	103.30 (99.90, 106.70)	0.018
Waist-to-hip ratio	0.87 (0.86, 0.90)	0.87 (0.85, 0.92)	0.422
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) [M (P25, P75)]	127.00 (120.00, 134.00)	133 (127.00, 143.00)	< 0.001
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) [M (P25, P75)]	76.00 (70.75, 83.00)	81.00 (75.00, 87.00)	< 0.001
Biochemical Parameters
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) [M (P25, P75)]	27.00 (21.00, 34.00)	50.00 (36.00, 65.00)	< 0.001
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) [M (P25, P75)]	28.00 (21.00, 32.00)	46.00 (35.00, 60.00)	< 0.001
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (U/L) [M (P25, P75)]	30.00 (22.00, 42.00)	56.00 (39.00, 76.00)	< 0.001
Creatinine (μmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	78.80 (71.30, 85.70)	78.10 (70.50, 87.65)	0.902
Uric acid (μmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	384.00 (345.00, 414.00)	439.00 (388.00, 486.00)	< 0.001
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	5.31 (4.95, 5.70)	5.82 (5.03, 6.60)	< 0.001
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	4.98 (4.31, 5.60)	6.06 (5.09, 6.96)	< 0.001
Triglycerides (mmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	1.66 (1.26, 2.39)	2.99 (1.82, 4.37)	< 0.001
Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	2.82 (2.41, 3.22)	3.18 (2.87, 3.66)	< 0.001
High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	1.26 (1.10, 1.39)	1.12 (1.00, 1.26)	< 0.001
Total bilirubin (μmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	17.60 (14.60, 20.30)	18.7 (16.00, 21.70)	< 0.001
Total protein (g/L) [M (P25, P75)]	72.20 (69.80, 74.30)	71.60 (69.70, 73.90)	0.036
Hormonal parameters
Estradiol (pmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	84.67 (69.71, 100.03)	112.12 (99.98, 130.00)	< 0.001
Testosterone (nmol/L) [M (P25, P75)]	15.08 (11.36, 19.71)	10.49 (6.80, 14.04)	< 0.001
Estrogen to androgen ratio	5.48 (3.74, 8.39)	10.90 (7.45, 19.03)	< 0.001
Clinical and lifestyle factors
Level			< 0.001
Mild	255 (72.4)	97 (27.6)
Moderate	304 (66.5)	153 (33.5)
Severe	79 (42)	109 (58)
Hypertension			< 0.001
No	540 (70)	228 (30)
Yes	98 (42.8)	131 (57.2)
Diabetes mellitus			< 0.001
No	535 (72.3)	205 (27.7)
Yes	103 (40)	154 (60)
Sporting			< 0.001
No	288 (51.8)	268 (48.2)
Yes	350 (79.4)	91 (20.6)
Smoking			< 0.001
No	343 (70.1)	146 (29.9)
Yes	295 (58.1)	213 (41.9)
Time			< 0.001
1-5 years	185 (78.7)	50 (21.3)
5-10 years	229 (75.3)	75 (24.7)
10-20 years	159 (51.5)	150 (48.5)
≥ 20 years	65 (43.6)	84 (56.4)

GYN: Gynecomastia.