Long-term outcomes of early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in patients with acute variceal bleeding and cirrhosis

Table 4 Adverse events of early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and standard treatment, n (%)

Characteristics	Early TIPS (n = 37)	Standard treatment (n = 65)	P value
Complications of portal hypertension
OHE	17 (45.9)	24 (36.9)	0.372
New or worsening ascites	5 (13.5)	25 (38.5)	0.008
Hepatocellular carcinoma	5 (13.5)	6 (9.2)	0.735
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis	3 (8.1)	6 (9.2)	1
Hepatopulmonary syndrome	0 (0)	1 (1.5)	1
Hepatorenal syndrome	2 (5.4)	0 (0)	0.129
Other serious adverse events
Acute-on-chronic liver failure	4 (10.8)	4 (6.2)	0.647
Portal vein thrombosis	4 (10.8)	4 (6.2)	0.647
Sepsis	2 (5.4)	0 (0)	0.129
Pneumonia	1 (2.7)	1 (1.5)	1

TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts; OHE: Overt hepatic encephalopathy.