Long-term outcomes of early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in patients with acute variceal bleeding and cirrhosis

Table 2 Outcomes of early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts and standard treatment, n (%)

Characteristics	Early TIPS (n = 37)	Standard treatment (n = 65)	P value
Failure to control bleeding or rebleeding	4 (10.8)	33 (50.8)	< 0.001
Uncontrolled bleeding	0 (0)	9 (13.8)	0.045
Early rebleeding	0 (0)	3 (4.6)	0.473
Late rebleeding	4 (10.8)	21 (32.3)	0.015
Cause of bleeding1			0.144
Varices	1 (25.0)	23 (69.7)
Portal hypertensive gastropathy	1 (25.0)	4 (12.1)
Gastric ulcer	0 (0)	2 (6.1)
Mallory Weiss	1 (25.0)	2 (6.1)
Gastrointestinal telangiectasia	1 (25.0)	2 (6.1)
Death	7 (18.9)	10 (15.4)	0.645
Cause of death2			0.201
Liver failure	3 (42.9)	3 (30.0)
Multiorgan failure	2 (28.6)	1 (10.0)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	2 (28.6)	0 (0)
Sepsis/pneumonia	0 (0)	3 (30.0)
Gastrointestinal bleeding	0 (0)	2 (20.0)
Unrelated to liver disease	0 (0)	1 (10.0)
Length of stay	9.0 (7.0-13.5)	14.0 (9.0-18.5)	0.001
Length of stay in ICU, median (IQR)	1.0 (1.0-3.0)	1.0 (1.0-3.0)	0.777
Hospitalization times during follow-up, median (IQR)	2.0 (1.0-4.0)	4.0 (2.0-6.0)	0.003

¹The denominator is the total number of patients with failure to control bleeding or rebleeding.

²The denominator is the total number of deaths.

TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts; ICU: Intensive care unit; IQR: Interquartile range.