Therapeutic strategies for intervertebral disc degeneration: Extracellular vesicles and microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells

doi:10.4252/wjsc.v17.i7.107212

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Jul 26, 2025 (publication date) through Aug 8, 2025

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Stem Cells. Jul 26, 2025; 17(7): 107212
Published online Jul 26, 2025. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i7.107212

Table 1 Effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell biological therapy in various studies

Biological therapies	Effects	Ref.
TGF-β1	MSC differentiation toward NP/chondrogenic phenotype and upregulation of ERK1/2 activity	[38,51]
TGF-β3	MSC differentiation to NPC and AFC in combination with BMP-2 and IGF-1	[31,32,34,35,52,53]
BMP2	Differentiation into NPCs with TGF-β3 and PRP	[32,34,44,54]
BMP7	MSC differentiation into NP-like cells via the Smad pathway	[55]
IGF1	MSC differentiation into NPC-like cells	[48,49,56]
FGF2	MSC differentiation into NPC-like cells	[48,50,57]

TGF: Transforming growth factor; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; NP: Nucleus pulposus; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; NPC: Nucleus pulposus cell; AFC: Annulus fibrosus cell; BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein; PRP: Platelet-rich plasma; IGF: Insulin-like growth factor; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor.

Citation: Lim YJ, Seo MS, Park S, Lee GW. Therapeutic strategies for intervertebral disc degeneration: Extracellular vesicles and microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2025; 17(7): 107212
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-0210/full/v17/i7/107212.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v17.i7.107212