Circular RNAs inducing the osteogenic differentiation of dental mesenchymal stem cells via microRNA sponging

Table 1 The molecular targets and underlying mechanisms of circular RNAs inducing osteogenic differentiation of dental stem cells

CircRNA	Target miRs	Underlying mechanisms	Experimental methods	Ref.
CircRNAs inducing osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells
Hsa-circ-036872	MiR-143-3p	IGF2 signaling activation	In vitro culture of hDPSCs isolated from orthodontic patients. In vivo experiments in BALB/c nude mice for heterotopic implantation of hDPSCs for bone formation assay	[52]
CircFKBP5	MiR-708-5p	GIT2 signaling activation	In vitro culture of hDPSCs isolated from human dental pulp tissue	[34]
CircSIPA1L1	MiR-617	Smad3 signaling activation	In vitro culture of hDPSCs isolated from human dental pulp tissue. In vivo experiments in BALB/c nude mice for heterotopic implantation of hDPSCs for bone formation assay	[61]
CircLPAR1	Hsa-miR-31	Increased expression of SATB2	In vitro culture of hDPSCs isolated from human dental pulp tissue	[66]
Hsa-circ-0026827	MiR-188-3p	Enhancing Beclin-1-mediated autophagy	In vitro culture of hDPSCs isolated from human dental pulp tissue. In vivo experiments in BALB/c nude mice for heterotopic implantation of hDPSCs for bone formation assay	[68]
CircRNA124534	MiR-496	β-catenin signaling activation	In vitro culture of hDPSCs isolated from healthy pulp tissues derived from caries-free teeth of patients. In vivo experiments in BALB/c nude mice for heterotopic implantation of hDPSCs for bone formation assay	[67,73]
CircAKT3	MiR-206	Increased expression of CX43	In vitro culture of hDPSCs isolated from human dental pulp tissue. In vivo experiments in BALB/c nude mice for heterotopic implantation of hDPSCs for bone formation assay	[77]
CircRNAs inducing osteogenic differentiation of apical papilla stem cells
Hsa-circ-0008016	MiR-337-3p	FGF/FGFR signaling activation	In vitro culture of SCAPs derived from human apical papilla tissues isolated from orthodontic patients	[93]
Circ-ZNF236	MiR-218-5p	LGR4-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation	In vitro culture of SCAPs derived from human apical papilla tissues isolated from teeth with immature roots from healthy donors. In vivo experiments in a rat skull-impaired model for heterotopic implantation of SCAPs for bone formation assay	[94]
CircRNAs inducing osteogenic differentiation of dental follicle stem cells
CircFgfr2	MiR-133	Increased expression of DLX3, RUNX2, and BMP6 in TGF-β and MAPK signaling pathways	In vitro culture of dental follicles isolated from the tooth germs of the mandibular molars of rats	[120]

CircRNAs: Circular RNAs; IGF2: Insulin-like growth factor 2; hDPSC: Human dental pulp stem cell; GIT2: G-protein-coupled receptor-kinase interacting protein 2; Smad3: Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3; SATB2: Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2; CX43: Connexin 43; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; FGFR: Fibroblast growth factor receptor; LGR4: Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4; SCAP: Stem cell from the apical papilla; RUNX2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; BMP6: Bone morphogenetic protein 6; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; circLPAR1: Circular lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1.