Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration in dogs

Table 4 Clinical study of canine mesenchymal stem cells for osteoarthritis in dogs

Source	Injection	Cell number (million)	Target joint	Observation period	Evaluation points	Ref.
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular, autologous	4.2-5	Hip	30, 60, 90 d	Lameness, pain, range of motion, functional disability, owner questionnaire	Black et al[121], 2007
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular, autologous	3-5	Elbow	30, 60, 90, 180 d	Lameness, pain, range of motion, functional disability, owner questionnaire	Black et al[107], 2008
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular with platelet-rich plasma or hyaluronic acid, autologous	3-5	Elbow	1 wk, 1 mo	Not described	Guercio et al[103], 2012
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular with platelet-rich plasma, autologous	Over 30	Hip	0, 30, 90, 180 d	Gait analysis	Vilar et al[104], 2013
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular, autologous	30	Hip	1, 3, 6 mo	Pain, functional disability, range of motion, owner questionnaire	Cuervo et al[122], 2014
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular, autologous	15	Hip	0, 30, 90, 180 d	Gait analysis	Vilar et al[108], 2014
Adipose tissue	Acupoint injection, allogeneic	0.2-0.8	Hip	7, 15, 30 d	Pain, functional disability, range of motion	Marx et al[106], 2014
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular, allogeneic	12	Hip, elbow, stifle, shoulder	60 d	Pain, owner questionnaire	Harman et al[123], 2016
Bone marrow	Single intraarticular and single intravenous, autologous	5 for intraarticular, 2 for intravenous	Stifle	4, 8 wk	Circulating T lymphocyte, C reactive protein and cytokine concentration, total cell count in synovial fluid	Muir et al[110], 2016
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular with hyaluronic acid, allogeneic	12	Elbow	6, 9, 12 mo	Owner questionnaire, arthroscopic image, histology	Kriston-Pál et al[105], 2017
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular and/or single intravenous, allogeneic	Not described	Various joints	10 wk	Lameness, pain, range of motion, functional disability	Shah et al[124], 2018