Mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage regeneration in dogs

Table 3  In vivo study of canine mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair

Source	Injection / trans-plantation	Combination use	Cell number (million)	Model	Evaluation method	Ref.
Bone marrow	Single intraarticular, autologous	-	7-8	Partial thickness articular cartilage defect	Histology	El-Tookhy et al[86], 2008
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular, autologous	-	7-8	Partial thickness articular cartilage defect	Morphology, histology, fluorescence analysis	Mokbel et al[87], 2011
Adipose tissue	Four times intraarticular, allogeneic	-	5 (three times), 66 (once)	Intact	Pain and lameness scoring, immunohistochemistry	Park et al[95], 2013
Bone marrow	Transplantation with scaffold, allogeneic	Scaffold	0.01	Full-thickness cartilage defect	Histology, immunohistochemistry, micro CT	Duan et al[89], 2013
Synovium	Single intraarticular, autologous	Hyaluronic acid	0.05, 5 or 50	Partial thickness articular cartilage defect	Histology	Miki et al[88], 2015
Adipose tissue	Single intraarticular, allogeneic	Platelet-rich plasma	10	Cranial cruciate ligament transection	Lameness scoring, focal compression strength, extracellular matrix composition, histopathology, real-time PCR	Yun et al[90], 2016
Bone marrow	Single intraarticular, allogeneic	Hyaluronic acid	10	Partial thickness articular cartilage defect	Gross appearance, magnetic resonance imaging, histology, immunohistochemistry	Li et al[63], 2018
Umbilical cord	Single intraarticular, allogeneic	-	1	Surgical manipulation of articular cartilage	Magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, ultrasonography, blood test, scanning electron microscope	Zhang et al[51], 2018